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Microbiology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Taxonomy includes the following:

A

1) classification- naming
2) Nomenclature- rules of naming
3) identification

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2
Q

Taxonomy allows for what?

A

1) organizing information
2)making predictions

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3
Q

Who was Carolus Linneanus?

A

He developed the first naming structure

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4
Q

What was the first naming structure called?

A

Systema Naturea

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5
Q

What was the Linnaean System based on?

A

1) Morphological structures

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6
Q

A species is an organism that can successfully…

A

interbreed

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7
Q

What is the challenge to the Linnaeun thought on species?

A

Asexual reproduction

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8
Q

Microbiological definition of a species

A

A collection of strains= a populations of cells that arose from a single cell that share many stable properties, differ from other strains, and evolve as a group. They share at least 97% of a common seqence.

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9
Q

How is taxonomical structure written?

A

Bionomial- Genus species

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10
Q

Linnaneus proposed how many kingdoms?

A

2

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11
Q

Robert Whittaker proposed how many kingdoms and what were they?

A

5

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Prokaryotea

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12
Q

Taxonomy is ____ meaning it is ______ and ______

A

Dynamic- new ideas/new information

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13
Q

What is the new generally accepted order of

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Superclass
Class
Subclass
Cohort
Superorder
Order
Suborder
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Tribe
Genus
Subgenus
species
subspecies

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14
Q

What is the major goal of phylogentic hierarchy?

A

The ways in which organisms are grouped that should reflect their evolution from a common ancestor

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15
Q

What led to the addition of Domain?

A

Comparison of nucleaic acids

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16
Q

Who compared rRNA subunits and prosed the three domains?

A

Carl Woese and George Fox

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17
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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18
Q

What are the five identifying characteristics?

A

1) Morphology
2) Biochemical tests (metabolism)
3. Serological tests (reaction with blood products)
4. Analysis of nucleic acids (gene and RNA
sequencing)
5. Phage typing (ability to be infected by different viruses)

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19
Q

What can be identifified based on their morphology?

A

Protozoa, fungi, algae, and parasitic worms can often be identified based
solely on their morphology

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20
Q

______ can have a distinct appearance for identification

A

Bacteria colonies

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21
Q

True or false: Gram staining, acid-fast staining, etc. can be used for physical identification

A

True

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22
Q

How do biological tests identify?

Study These Flashcards
A

Distinguish prokaryotes by their ability to utilize or produce certain
chemicals – metabolic dissimilarities

23
Q

A phem indicator is used in….

Study These Flashcards
A

a fermentation test

24
Q

How can serological tests be used in identification?

Study These Flashcards
A

Many microorganisms trigger an
immune response that results in
antibody production
* Antibodies can be used to identify
the organism that triggered their
production = agglutination test

25
How can phage typing help in identification?
Nucleic acid sequence can be used to classify and identify microbes
26
What is a dichotomous key?
Series of paired statements One of two “either/ or” choices applies to any particular organisms Broad, general information leading to more specific, identifying information Usually texted based- series of yes or no statements
27
Why do cells need water?
Breaking things about Building things together Necessary for all this to occur Water is polar- it is this feature that allows it to do what it does
28
What is a protein?
Made of Amino acids Code for functions Enzymes speed up reactions Glycoproteins for structure Peptodogglycan for the cell wall in nacters Transporter proteins Some facilitate regular diffusion
29
What are carbohydrates? Why are they important?
Chain of sugars that supply energy
30
Do cells ( generally grow better in warm or cold environments?
Metabolic functions work best at these temperatures- optimal temperature
31
What is metabolism?
All of the reactions that take place building things up and breaking them down Building things up to break them down and the opposite- Breaking things down to build them up
32
What is Catabolism?
breaking them down
33
What is anabolism?
Building them up
34
What are the functions of metabolism?
Homeostasis- maintaining cell’s internal conditions Reproduction of the organism This is the big one- every organism’s function is to pass it’s genes on to the next generation Ultimate goal!
35
What are the 8 Elementary Statements?
1) Every cell requires nutrients 2) Metabolism require energy 3) Energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate ( ATP) 4) Cells metabolize nutrients, forming precursor metabolites 5) Precursor metabolites + ATP + ENZYMES USED IN ANABOLIC REACTION 6) Precursor metabolites + enzymes + ATP form macromolecules 7) Cells grow by assembling macromolecules 8) Cells reproduce ( divide in two) once they have roughly doubled in size.
36
Catabolic pathways are
exergonic
37
Anabolic pathways are
endergonic
38
What is Oxidation and Reduction?
The movement of electrons from one molecules to another
39
When is a molecule reduced?
When it picks up an electron
40
When is a molecule oxidized?
When it losses an electron
41
What are Three important electron carriers
NAD+, NADP, FAD+
42
What is Phosphorylation?
When an inorganic phosphate is added to substrate
43
Name the three ways Cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP in three ways
Substrate level phosphorylation To make things work Transfers the phosphate and add it to a protein, protein will then change shape- transport proteins Oxidative phosphorylation Process involved in cellular respiration To make ATP Photophosphorylation Involved in photosynthesis Utilizes light systems
44
What are the three main features of enzymes?
1) Bring substrates together in anabolic reactions destabilizing bonds in catholic reaction Two short peptides- enzymes builds these two little things by bringing them closer together to that the reaction can occur 2) Create proper environment for chemical reactions to occur Breaking a molecule- might put stress on the bonds between two AA so that water can get in and break the protein bond 3)Not permanently changed in the process They are reusable- the enzyme is changing whatever it bind to-, but it is not changed in the process.
45
True or False: Most enzymes are proteins
True
46
What are ribozymes?
nucleic acid enzymes
47
True or false: Catabolic processes utilize enzymes
True
48
What is an Apoenzyme?
rotein part of the enzyme Non-functional because it is not bound to a cofactor
49
What is an Holoenzyme?
The binding of apoenzyme and its cofactor
50
What is a Substrate?
the thing that binds the active site and is processed by the enzyme Will fit into the active site- region of enzyme and cofactor where the substrate binds Without the cofactors- the substrate will not fit
51
What are the two types of cofactors?
Organic and inorganic
52
Examples of organic cofactors?
Vitamin C
53
Examples of in organic cofactors?
Ions like Zinc

Microbiology (9 decks)

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