Exam 1 Flashcards
Chapter 14 + Chapter 15 (139 cards)
1
Q
What is blood made out of
A
45% formed elements (all blood cells)
55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)
2
Q
Blood volume in males and females
A
5-6 litres in males
4-5 litres in females
3
Q
Definition of hematocrit
A
Percentage of red blood cells in the sample of the whole blood (volume)
HCT
4
Q
Average hematocrit percentage in males and females
A
40-54% in males
35-46% in females
5
Q
Blood is more viscous than water by xxx
A
3-4 times
6
Q
Normal PH of human blood
A
7.35 - 7.45
7
Q
Creation of blood
A
Hematopoiesis
Homepoiesis
8
Q
Red blood cell
A
Erythrocyte
RBC
9
Q
Hemoglobin
A
Protein
Red Pigment
10
Q
How much hemoglobin does healthy RBC have
A
250 million molecules of hemoglobin
11
Q
What does hemoglobin do
A
carries o2 on ions of iron
12
Q
What is hemoglobin made out of
A
made of 4 protein chains, each chain has 1 ion of FE+
13
Q
What is oxyhemoglobin
A
Hemoglobin combined with oxygen
bright red
14
Q
What is deoxyhemoglobin
A
hemoglobin with no oxygen (after it is released)
darker red
15
Q
Define cyno
A
Blue
16
Q
Define hypoxia
A
prolonged oxygen deficiency
causes cyanosis
17
Q
Define cyanosis
A
condition in which skin and mucous membranes turn bluish due to high concentration of deoxyhemoglobin
18
Q
Define nuclear extrusion
A
Red blood cells sacrifice the nuclei (DNA) to carry more oxygen
19
Q
How long do RBCs live
A
120 days
20
Q
When can we expect RBC number to increase
A
for several days after strenuous exercise
increased altitude
21
Q
What do we call RBC formation and where does it occur
A
Erythropoiesis
in red bone marrow
in FETAL development - in yolk sac, liver, and spleen
22
Q
Which protein is associated with erythropoiesis
A
Erythropoietin
23
Q
Define Erythropoietin
A
EPO
used to control the rate of production of red blood cells
Mostly made by kidneys, rest by liver
24
Q
How does erythropoietin work
A
By negative feedback mechanism
25
Define Polycythemia
excessive increase of red blood cells
makes blood more viscous
26
Define intrinsic factor
made in stomach, used in small intestine
required to absorb vitamin B12
influences RBC production (lack of B12 = abnormal RBCs)
27
What is needed for healthy RBCs
vit B12
folic acid
FE (iron)
Vit C (helps iron absorption)
28
What is anemia
reduction of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin’
a = lack of, without
nemia = blood
29
Define hemorrhagic anemia
decreased RBC numbers
caused by hemorrhage
30
Define hemolytic anemia
decreased RBCs
occurs when bacterial infections, or blood transfusion incompatibilities destroy RBC
31
Define pernicious anemia
decreased RBCs
occurs when deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach causes inadequate B12 absorption
32
Define aplastic anemia
decreased RBC number
caused by destruction of bone marrow by radiation, cancer, certain medications, viruses, and poisons
33
which anemias are caused by decrease in RBCs
hemorrhagic anemia
hemolytic anemia
pernicious anemia
aplastic anemia
34
define iron deficiency anemia
decreased hemoglobin concentration
caused by dietary malnourishment, heavy menstruation, persistent bleeding
35
which anemias are caused by abnormal hemoglobin (genetic)
sickle cell anemia
thalassemia
36
define biliverdin
green pigment
converts into bilirubin
37
bilirubin
orange pigment
38
define white blood cells
WBCs
Leukocytes
protect against diseases
39
define diapedesis
leukocytes squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels to tissue where there is damage or -infection - it allows WBCs to leave circulation
40
Define Chemotaxes
phenomenon in which damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes
41
define pus
collection of bacteria, WBC, and damaged cells
42
WBC types
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
43
define granulocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
44
define agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
45
Basophils
produce heparin and histamine
heparin - anticoagulant
histamine - vasodilator, allergies
46
Eosinophils
kill certain parasites and worms by secreting toxic chemicals
47
neutrophils
most numerous of leukocytes
phagocytes
also release hydrogen peroxide and bleach - respiratory burst
48
lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, NK cells
49
monocytes
largest WBCs
become macrophages after leaving bloodstream
50
leukocytosis
high WBCs
51
leukopenia
low WBCs
52
Platelets
Thrombocytes
Start off as megakaryocytes, then fragment into platelets
Live only for 10 days
Release serotonin which causes vasoconstriction
53
Thrombocytosis
high platelet count
54
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
55
petechiae
small bruise-like spots on the skin and mucous membrane
56
plasma proteins
most abundant solute in plasma
57
albumins
most abundant of plasma proteins
made in liver
ties with osmosis
58
hypoproteinemia
low plasma protein
may lead to swelling (edema)
59
plasma protein types
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
60
globulins
transport of lipids
what antibodies are made of
61
fibrinogen
blood-clotting
62
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. blood coagulation
63
clotting mechanisms
extrinsic - broken blood vessel, damaged tissue
intrinsic - surface of foreign object
vit. K needed for blood clotting
64
serum
plasma - blood clotting factors
65
thrombus
unwanted blood clot
66
embolus
piece of unwanted blood clot breaks and starts moving
67
embolism
piece of blood clot blocks a blood vessel
68
Antigen
Anything that stimulates the immune system to respond
69
Antibody
Y shaped protein made in response to antigen
70
Universal blood donor
0-
71
Universal recepient
AB+
72
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Caused by incompatibility of RH factor (mom -, baby +)
73
Rhogam
Provided at 28 weeks and within 72 hours after birth if baby's RH factor was incompatible with mom's (baby is positive, mom negative)
74
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Most carry deoxygenated blood (exception of pulmonary)
75
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Most carry oxygenated blood (exception of pulmonary)
76
Capillaries
Join arteries and veins
Smallest, thinnest blood vessels
77
Site of gas exchange
Capillaries
78
Where is heart located
Mediastinum, toward the left
79
Pulmonary circuit
Load O2 into the blood and unload CO2 into the lungs
80
Systemic circuit
Unload O2 into the tissues and load CO2 to the blood
81
Endocardium
Layer of tissue inside the heart
82
Myocardium
Heart Muscle
83
Pericardium
Sac around the heart (serous)
84
Epicardium
Visceral pericardium
85
Cardiac tissue
Epicardium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
86
Atrium/Atria
2 upper chambers
86
Auricles
Little flaps
Help atrium hold more blood
87
Ventricle/Ventricles
2 lower chambers
88
Septum/Septa
Tissue that divides the heart into left and right
89
Apex
Tip of the heart - at the bottom
90
Base
Top of the heart
91
Largest artery
Aorta
92
Largest Veins
Superior and Inferior vena cava
93
Purpose of heart valves
make sure that blood does not regurgitate
Atrioventricular
Semilunar
94
AV valve
Atrioventricular valve
Right - Tricuspid, RAV
Left - Bicuspid, LAV, mitral valve
95
SL Valve
Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary
Aortic
96
Pulmonary SL
Blood leaves right ventricle on its way to the lungs
97
Aortic SL
Blood leaves left ventricle on its way to aorta
98
Chorade tendinae
Heart strings
Prevent AV valves from flipping backwards / backflow
99
Ischemia
blood flow blocked off to tissue
100
Infarction
Blood flow gets cut off which results in tissue death
101
Angina Pectoris
Chest Pain
102
Myocardial Infarction
Heart Attack
103
Heart Sounds
Lubb / Dubb
AV valve - Lubb (closing)
SL Valve - Dubb (closing)
104
Conduction of electricity through the heart
SA node
AV node
AV bundle / bundle of his
Purkinje fibers (outer ventricular walls)
105
Heart's natural pacemaker
SA node
106
ECG / EKG
Where the ions charge/move/generate electricity
P wave, T wave, QRS complex
107
P wave
atrial depolarization
108
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization (happen at the same time)
109
T wave
ventricular repolarization
110
Hyperkalemia
High levels of potassium (K) in the blood
Decrease the force of myocardial contraction
Leads to cardiac arrest
111
Hypokalemia
Low levels of potassium in the blood
Potential to develop abnormal heart rhythm
112
Hypercalcemia
High levels of calcium in the blood
Dangerously extended heart contraction, increases heart action
113
Hypocalcemia
Low levels of calcium in the blood
Depresses heart action
114
Vasoconstriction
Decrease in blood vessel diameter
115
Vasodilation
Increase in blood vessel diameter
116
Arrythmias
Abnormal heart rhythm
117
Fibrillation
Small areas of the myocardium contract in an uncoordinated, chaotic fashion
A-FIB, V-FIB
118
A-FIB
Not life threatening
Ventricles still pump blood
119
V-FIB
Can be deadly
120
Tachycardia
Over 100bpm
121
Bradycardia
Less than 60bpm
122
Flutter
250-350bpm
123
Normal adult heart rate
60-100bpm
124
Pulmonary edema
Lungs fill with fluid
Possible cause: failing left ventricle, damaged mitral valve
125
Blood pressure
Systolic/Diastolic
Ventricular systole/ventricular diastole
126
Systole
Contraction - occurs when ventricles contract
127
Diastole
Relaxation - occur when ventricles relax
128
Pulse
The alternating, expending, and recoiling of the arterial wall
129
Apical Pulse
Listening to the heart directly using stethoscope
130
Sites where an arterial pulse is most easily detected
Temporal (temple)
Facial (jaw)
Carotid (neck)
Brachial (elbow)
Radial (wrist)
Femoral (groin)
Popliteal (kneecap)
Dorsalis pedis (instep)
Posterior tibial (above the heel)
131
Atherosclerosis
buildup in an artery
132
Aneurysm
Weakened area of arterial wall bulges
133
Where are age related changes most apparent
In the Arteries
134
Primary hypertension
Essential/idiopathic
Cause is unknown
135
Secondary hypertension
Cause is knows from another condition
136
Flow of blood through the heart
Aorta - arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins - superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium - right AV valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left AV valve - left ventricle - aortic valve
137
Deoxygenated blood
Right side of the heart
138
Oxygenated blood
Left side of the heart
