Quiz 4

Question 1

Retroperitoneal cavity

Answer 1

“behind”
where kidneys reside - located against the muscles of the back in their own cavity

Question 2

Adipose tissue

Answer 2

connective tissue, surrounds and cushions kidneys and holds them in place

Question 3

Which kidney is usually lower/higher

Answer 3

Left kidney is usually higher, because of the liver on the right

Question 4

Structure of the kidney (medula, cortex, pelvis)

Answer 4

renal medulla - middle of the kidney
renal cortex - outer layer
renal pelvis - where urine collects and empties into ureters

Question 5

Renal pyramids

Answer 5

cone shaped areas in the kidney where the renal cortex dips down

Question 6

Renal columns

Answer 6

dipped down areas of the renal cortex in between renal pyramids

Question 7

Functional unit of the kidneys

Answer 7

Nephrons - 1 to 1.5 mil per kidney
Main function is to filter blood.
Also filter out other things like hydrogen ions, bacteria, antibiotics

Question 8

Functions of the kidneys (one word)

Answer 8

Regulate
Remove
Control
Form

Question 9

What do kidneys regulate

Answer 9

Volume and composition of body fluids
Blood pressure through production of enzyme renin

Question 10

What do kidneys remove

Answer 10

metabolic wastes, excess water, and excess electrolytes

Question 11

what do kidneys control

Answer 11

rate of erythropoiesis through the hormone erythropoietin

Question 12

what do kidneys form

Answer 12

the active form of vitamin D

Question 13

Renal corpuscle is composed of what 2 structures

Answer 13

Glomerulus - cluster of capillaries
Glomerular capsule - Bowman’s capsule, saclike structure surrounding glomerulus

Question 14

Ingoing and outgoing vessels of gromerulus

Answer 14

Afferent arterioles - carries blood to the clusters
Efferent arterioles - carries blood away from the clusters

Question 15

Renal tubule structure in order

Answer 15

Proximal tubule
Nephron loop / loop of Henle descending limb
Nephron loop ascending limb
Distal tubule

Question 16

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 16

network of capillaries surrounding the exterior of the nephron loop

Question 17

Acute vs chronic glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the glomeruli
Acute - 1 to 3 weeks after Streptococcal infection, antigen-antibody complex blocks glomeruli. Most people regain kidney function
Chronic - progressive, eventually the kidneys fail, more likely to die from

Question 18

Nephritis

Answer 18

Inflammation of the kidneys

Question 19

Figure 12.20 structure in order

Answer 19

glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending limb > ascending limb > distal tubule > collecting duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra

Question 20

Renal corpuscle (figure 20.12)

Answer 20

glomerulus > glomerular capsule

Question 21

Urine formation (figure 20.12)

Answer 21

Glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending limb > ascending limb > distal tubule > collecting duct

Question 22

Parts of nephron (20.12)

Answer 22

glomerulus > glomerular capsule > proximal tubule > descending limb > ascending limb > distal tubule

Question 23

Drainage system (20.12)

Answer 23

minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter

Question 24

urine secretion (20.12)

Answer 24

minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra

Question 25

Storage structure (20.12)

Answer 25

urinary bladder

Question 26

elimination structure (20.12)

Answer 26

urethra

Question 27

3 steps of urine formation

Answer 27

1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

Question 28

glomerular filtration

Answer 28

Water, smaller molecules, ions filtered out leaving larger molecules (proteins) behind in plasma

Question 29

Glomerular filtrate

Answer 29

initially similar to interstitial fluid, lymph, and plasma, minus large proteins

Question 30

Pressure that drives glomerular filtration

Answer 30

hydrostatic pressure: things moving from higher to lower pressure inside the glomerular capillaries

Question 31

GFR

Answer 31

glomerular filtration rate the most commonly measured index of kidney function

Question 32

how many times a day is plasma filtered

Answer 32

60 times a day

Question 33

How many liters of fluid are filtered How much becomes urine

Answer 33

24 hours: filter 180 L 0.6-2.5 L become urine

Question 34

Glomerular filtrate will continue to be produced if

Answer 34

as long as the systemic blood pressure maintains normal limits

Question 35

what happens when GFR is too slow vs too fast

Answer 35

Too fast: increased urine output, more substances end up in the urine Too slow: increased reabsorption of water and other substances, decreased urine output

Question 36

keeping GFR constant by adjusting what

Answer 36

to maintain homeostasis, the body must adjust glomerular blood pressure

Question 37

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 37

From the renal tubules to the peritubular capillaries

Question 38

4 items reclaimed through tubular reabsorption

Answer 38

Extra Water Extra Electrolytes Amino acids Glucose

Question 39

Renal plasma threshold

Answer 39

normally all of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream when the blood's renal plasma threshold is exceeded, some of the glucose will end up in the urine

Question 40

Glycosuria

Answer 40

glucose in urine

Question 41

Diuresis

Answer 41

increase in urine volume

Question 42

endocytosis used to reclaim what molecules

Answer 42

Smaller proteins such as albumins

Question 43

Na+ ions - which percentage is reabsorbed and by what process

Answer 43

approximately 70% reabsorbed by active transport

Question 44

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 44

proteinuria (plasma proteins are being lost) leads to edema

Question 45

Tubular secretion

Answer 45

from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubules

Question 46

Urea, uric acid, each derives from the catabolism of what

Answer 46

urea: catabolism of amino acids (breaking down) uric acid: the catabolism of purines (adenine and guanine)

Question 47

Gout

Answer 47

type of arthritis- uric acid crystals fill up in the joints

Question 48

pH of urine influenced by reabsorption or secretion of what

Answer 48

by absorption/secretion of H+ (hydrogen ion)

Question 49

Probenecid

Answer 49

1. given with certain antibiotics to block tubular secretions to increase antibiotic levels in the blood. 2. increases secretion of uric acid in patients with gout

Question 50

Urine is ____% water

Answer 50

95%

Question 51

4 common solutes in urine. Which one is the most prevalent

Answer 51

Urea - most abundant Uric acid Creatinine Creatine

Question 52

4 items that should not be in urine

Answer 52

Glucose Proteins Ketones Blood cells

Question 53

Renal clearance (tests)

Answer 53

the rate of which a chemical is removed from the plasma Tests include: Inulin clearance creatinine clearance test

Question 54

Ureters

Answer 54

from kidneys to the bladder smooth muscle for peristalsis that help move the urine down.

Question 55

Urethra

Answer 55

from bladder to the outside of the body

Question 56

ESWL

Answer 56

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (procedure that breaks down stones)

Question 57

nephrolithiasis

Answer 57

kidney stones

Question 58

2 urethral sphincters

Answer 58

2 - internal and external

Question 59

Male’s internal urethral sphincter prevents what

Answer 59

prevents the flow of semen into the bladder during ejaculation

Question 60

Trigone

Answer 60

floor of the bladder

Question 61

Detrusor

Answer 61

smooth muscle of the bladder

Question 62

micturition

Answer 62

also known as urination or voiding the bladder

Question 63

The formation of angiotensin (BP regulation - figure 20.19)

Answer 63

Liver: produces angiotensinogen Kidneys: produce Renin > Angiotensin 1 Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1 Lungs: produce angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) This converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 = causes vasoconstriction, which increases BP

Question 64

medications that lower BP

Answer 64

ACE inhibitors