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APH217 > QUIZ 1 Chapter 14 > Flashcards

QUIZ 1 Chapter 14 Flashcards

BLOOD (73 cards)

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1
Q

What is blood made out of

A

45% formed elements (all blood cells)

55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)

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2
Q

Blood volume in males and females

A

5-6 litres in males

4-5 litres in females

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3
Q

Definition of hematocrit

A

Percentage of red blood cells in the sample of the whole blood (volume)

HCT

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4
Q

Average hematocrit percentage in males and females

A

40-54% in males

35-46% in females

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5
Q

What is viscosity

A

Thickness

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6
Q

Blood is more viscous than water by xxx

A

3-4 times

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7
Q

Normal PH of human blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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8
Q

Definition of poiesis

A

Creation

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9
Q

Creation of blood

A

Hematopoiesis

Homepoiesis

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10
Q

Red blood cell

A

Erythrocyte

RBC

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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein

red pigment

carries o2 on ions of iron, where oxygen attaches

made of 4 protein chains, each chain has 1 ion of FE+

1 healthy RBC has 250mil molecules of hemoglobin

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12
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen
bright red

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13
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin with no oxygen (after it is released)

darker red

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14
Q

Define cyno

A

Blue

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15
Q

Define hypoxia

A

prolonged oxygen deficiency

causes cyanosis

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16
Q

Define cyanosis

A

condition in which skin and mucous membranes turn bluish due to high concentration of deoxyhemoglobin

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17
Q

Define nuclear extrusion

A

Red blood cells sacrifice the nuclei (DNA) to carry more oxygen

They release it upon their release from red bone marrow

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18
Q

How long do RBCs live

A

120 days

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19
Q

Explain RBC filtration and removal

A

spleen and liver filter the RBCs and remove the damaged/old one from circulation

macrophages phagocytize and dismantle RBCs

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20
Q

When can we expect RBC number to increase

A

for several days after strenuous exercise

increased altitude

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21
Q

What do we call RBC formation and where does it occurs

A

Erythropoiesis

in red bone marrow

in FETAL development - in yolk sac, liver, and spleen

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22
Q

Which protein is associated with erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

EPO

used to control the rate of production of red blood cells

Mostly made by kidneys, rest by liver

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23
Q

How does erythropoietin work

A

By negative feedback mechanism

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24
Q

Define Polycythemia

A

excessive increase of red blood cells

makes blood more viscous

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25
Define intrinsic factor
made in stomach, used in small intestine required to absorb vitamin B12 influences RBC production (lack of B12 = abnormal RBCs)
26
What is needed for healthy RBCs
vit B12 folic acid FE (iron) Vit C (helps iron absorption)
27
What is anemia
reduction of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin’ a = lack of, without nemia = blood
28
Define hemorrhagic anemia
decreased RBC numbers caused by hemorrhage
29
Define hemolytic anemia
decreased RBCs occurs when bacterial infections, or blood transfusion incompatibilities destroy RBCs
30
Define pernicious anemia
decreased RBCs occurs when deficiency of intrinsic factor from stomach causes inadequate B12 absorption
31
define aplastic anemia
decreased RBC number caused by destruction of bone marrow by radiation, cancer, certain medications, viruses, and poisons
32
which anemias are caused by decreased RBC number
hemorrhagic anemia hemolytic anemia pernicious anemia aplastic anemia
33
define iron deficiency anemia
decreased hemoglobin concentration caused by dietary malnourishment, heavy menstruation, persistent bleeding
34
which anemias are caused by abnormal hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia thalassemia
35
define sickle cell anemia
variant in a gene resulting in abnormal hemoglobin structure
36
define thalassemia
variant in a gene resulting in deficient hemoglobin - red blood cells are short lived
37
define biliverdin
green pigment converts into bilirubin
38
bilirubin
orange pigment in the bile
39
define white blood cells
WBCs Leukocytes protect against diseases
40
define diapedesis
leukocytes squeezing between the endothelial cells that form the walls of the smallest blood vessels to tissue where there is damage or -infection - it allows WBCs to leave circulation
41
Define Chemotaxes
phenomenon in which damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes
42
define pus
collection of bacteria, WBC, and damaged cells
43
WBC types
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
44
define granulocytes
Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils
45
define agranulocytes
lymphocytes monocytes
46
Basophils
produce heparin and histamine heparin - anticoagulant histamine - vasodilator, allergies
47
Eosinophils
kill certain parasites and worms by secreting toxic chemicals
48
neutrophils
most numerous of leukocytes phagocytes also release hydrogen peroxide and bleach - respiratory burst
49
lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, NK cells
50
T cells
directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, transplanted cells
51
B cells
produce antibodies
52
NK cells
natural killer cells
53
monocytes
largest WBCs become macrophages after leaving bloodstream
54
leukocytosis
high WBCs
55
leukopenia
low WBCs
56
differential white blood cell count
levels of different WBCs
57
Platelets
Thrombocytes Start off as megakaryocytes, then fragment into platelets Live only for 10 days Release serotonin which causes contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
58
Thrombocytosis
high platelet count
59
thrombocytopenia
low platelet count
60
petechiae
small bruise-like spots on the skin and mucous membrane
61
plasma proteins
most abundant solute in plasma
62
albumins
most abundant of plasma proteins made in liver ties with osmosis
63
osmotic pressure
The net pressure that drives reabsorption
64
hypoproteinemia
low plasma protein may lead to swelling (edema)
65
plasma protein types
albumins globulins fibrinogen
66
globulins
transport of lipids what antibodies are made of
67
fibrinogen
blood-clotting
68
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding 1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug 3. blood coagulation
69
clotting mechanisms
extrinsic - broken blood vessel, damaged tissue intrinsic - surface of foreign object vit. K needed for blood clotting
70
serum
plasma - blood clotting factors
71
thrombus
unwanted blood clot
72
embolus
piece of unwanted blood clot breaks and starts moving
73
embolism
piece of blood clot blocks a blood vessel

APH217 (10 decks)

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