Exam 3 Flashcards
Chapter 17 & Chapter 18 (105 cards)
1
Q
Alimentary Canal
A
GI tract
2
Q
Mechanical Digestion
A
In mouth
Chewing / Mastication
3
Q
Chemical Digestion
A
Starts in mouth
Salivary amylase begins carbs breakdown
4
Q
Alimentary Canal Wall - Deep to Superficial
A
1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis
4) Serosa (visceral peritoneum)
5
Q
Mixing
A
Segmentation
6
Q
Propelling
A
Peristalsis - moving forward (wavelike motion of smooth muscle)
7
Q
Labial Frenulum
A
Folded membrane between lips and gums
8
Q
Lingual frenulum
A
Folded membrane between tongue and bottom of mouth
9
Q
Papillae
A
Rough projections on the tongue
Taste buds are located INSIDE the papillae
10
Q
Palate (hard/soft)
A
Roof of the mouth
Hard - bone
Soft - tissue
11
Q
Uvula
A
Tear shaped tissue dangling in back of the throat
12
Q
Tonsils
A
Pharyngeal (adenoids)
Palatine (tonsillectomy)
Lingual - at the root of the tongue
13
Q
Enamel
A
Hardest substance in human body
14
Q
Primary teeth
A
Deciduous
15
Q
Second teeth
A
Pernament
16
Q
Wisdom teeth
A
Third molars
17
Q
Salivary glands
A
1) Parotid - near the ear, watery saliva (serous fluid), largest
2) Submandibular - near lower jaw
3) Sublingual - contain lot of mucus
18
Q
Deglutition
A
Swallowing
19
Q
Mastication
A
Chewing
20
Q
Bolus
A
A mass of swallowed food, drink, saliva, etc
21
Q
Esophageal Hiatus
A
Natural opening in the diaphragm for the esophagus to pass through stomach
22
Q
Hiatal hernia
A
stomach pokes upward through hiatus into thoracic cavity
23
Q
Sphincter between esophagus and stomach
A
3 names:
1) Lower esophageal
2) Gastroesophageal
3) Cardiac
24
Q
Sphincter between stomach and duodenum
A
Pyloric
25
Capacity of adult stomach
About 1 liter
26
Rugae
Folds in stomach lining
27
Fundus
Upper, rounded part of the stomach
28
Most important gastric digestive enzyme
Pepsin - starts of as pepsinogen
29
Stomach acid
Hydrochloric acid (HCI)
30
Which gastric cells make intrinsic factor and HCI
Parietal cells
31
Intrinsic factor
made in stomach, used in small intestine
required for B12 absorption
32
Cholecystokinin
CCK
Peptide hormone produced in small intestine, released when we consume proteins and fats
Stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and gallbladder to contract to release bile
Influences gastric emptying and satiety
33
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease - can lead to esophageal cancer
34
Antacids
OTC medication for reflux, contain:
Na - sodium
Ca - calcium
Mg - magnesium
Al - aluminum
35
Chyme
Semifluid paste of partially digested food, fluids, and digestive juices
36
Emetics
Induce vomiting
37
Antiemetics
Prevent vomiting
38
Vomiting and nausea center in the central nervous system
Medulla oblongata
39
What does pancreas produce
Exocrine production of:
1) Pancreatic amylase (carbs)
2) Lipases (fats)
3) Proteases (proteins)
4) Nucleases (nucleic acids)
Also produces bicarbonate ion (HCO3) to raise PH of material leaving stomach
40
Liver
Largest internal organ
Detoxifies
Makes cholesterol, urea, bile, and plasma proteins
Converts excess carbs to fats
Stores glycogen, Fe, vitamins A, D, B12
Helps with breakdown/recycling of worn-out RBCs
41
Hepatic Portal Vein
Brings nutrients absorbed from small intestine to the liver
42
Most abundant component of bile
Bile salts - the only component of bile with a digestive function
43
Insulin vs glucagon
In the liver
Insulin stimulates the liver cells to convert glucose to glycogen
Glucagon stimulates the liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose
44
Cholecystogram
x ray of gallbladder
45
cholelithiasis
gall bladder stones
46
cholecystectomy
gall bladder removal
47
cholengiogram
the bile duct x ray
48
Where is bile made/stored
Made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder
49
Emulsification
To break up into smaller droplets
50
Purpose of the bile
To emulsify fats
51
Results of decreased bile salt production
Poor lipid absorption and vitamin deficiency (fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K)
52
Three sections of small intestine
Duodenum (most digestion happen here)
Jejunum (absorption)
Ilium (absorption)
53
Villus / Villi
finger-like projections in the small intestine
54
Microvilli
brush border (villi on villi)
55
Lacteals
In the villi
lymphatic capillaries that pick-up dietary fats
56
Carb digestion begins where
Mouth
57
Protein digestion begins where
Stomach
58
Triglyceride/ lipid digestion begins where
Duodenum (small intestine)
59
VLDL and LDL
Bad cholesterol
(very low and low density lipoproteins)
More lipids, less proteins
60
HDL
Good cholesterol
More protein, less lipids
High density lipoproteins
61
What does HDL do
Picks up cholesterol from tissues and returns it to the liver
62
Colon
Large intestine
63
What does colon absorb
Water and electrolytes
64
Structure of the colon in order - from cecum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
65
Appendix
Attached to the cecum
Reservoir for good bacteria
66
Anal sphincters
2 - internal and external
67
Varicose veins
Hemorrhoids - of the anus, can be external and internal
68
What percentage of water that enters colon is absorbed
90%
69
Feces is ____% water
75%
70
Bacteria in colon produces which vitamins
Vitamin K (blood clotting)
Vitamin B12
Thiamine - B1
Riboflavin - B2
71
Calories vs calories
1000cal = 1kcal = 1Cal
72
Glycogenesis
Glucose to glycogen
73
Glycogenolysis
Glycogen to glucose
74
Lipogenesis
Excess glucose converted to fat with lipids
75
Gluconeogenesis
Converts non-carbs into glucose (such as proteins and fats)
76
Meaning of "essential"
Essential nutrients (fatty acids/amino acids) that cannot be synthesized by body, must be consumed
77
Complete proteins
have adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
78
incomplete proteins
lack 1 or more essential amino acids
79
Number of calories per gram (carbs, proteins, fats)
carbs = 4.1
proteins = 4.1
fats = 9.5
80
BMR stands for
Basil metabolic rate = 1 calorie per hour per each kg of body weight
81
BMI stands for
Body mass index
82
Underweight, overweight, and obese BMI
Underweight = less than 18.5
Overweight = between 25 - 30
Obese = over 30
83
Insulin
stimulates adipocytes to store fat
84
Leptin
a hormone that secretes adipocytes
suppresses appetite and increases BMR after eating
85
Ghrelin
secretes in stomach
enhances appetite
86
vitamin A
excess = hypervitaminosis A = peeling skin, hair loss, nausea, headache, dizziness
lack of = causes night blindness, xeropthalmia (dry eye)
87
Vitamin D
excess = hypervitaminosis D = nausea and weight loss
lack of = results in rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults)
88
Vitamin K
made in - foods, or produced by bacteria in the intestinal tract
lack of = prolonged blood clotting time and increased risk of hemmorrhage
89
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
lack of = beriberi (seen in chronic alcoholism)
90
vitamin B3
Niacin
lack of = pellagra
91
vitamin B9
Folic acid
lack of = neural tube defects in pregnancy
92
vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed
lack of = pernicious anemia
93
vitamin C
ascorbic acid
lack of = scurvy
needed to produce collagen (most abundant protein in the body)
94
Calcium
found in bones, teeth, blood
needed for blood clotting, muscles, and heart
lack of = hypocalcemia
95
Potassium
K, lack of = hypokalemia
96
Malnutrition (types)
overnutrition & undernutrition; primary & secondary
97
Overnutrition
excess nutrient intake
98
Undernutrition
lack of nutrients, produce the symptoms of deficiency disease
99
primary malnutrition
comes from diet
100
secondary malnutrition
getting the nutrients but not using them
101
Healthy person can live how long without food?
50 - 70 days
102
Marasmus
lack of calories and protein (form of starvation)
103
Kwashiorkor
child weaned due to birth of next child, and switched to protein poor gruel (protein deficiency; enlarged belly)
104
anorexia nervosa
self-imposed starvation
105
bulimia
person induces vomiting and use laxatives after meals
