Quiz 5

Question 1

Adult FEMALE body by weight - percentage of water and why

Answer 1

52% water by weight
tend to have more adipose tissue
less H2O

Question 2

Adult MALE body by weight - percentage of water

Answer 2

63% by weight
males tend to have more muscle tissue
more H2O

Question 3

Fluid compartments (types)

Answer 3

Intracellular
Extracellular
Transcellular

Question 4

Extracellular fluid compartment

Answer 4

Outside cells - Lymph, Interstitial cells, Plasma

Question 5

Intracellular fluid compartment

Answer 5

inside the cell membranes (about 2/3 of all fluids)

Question 6

Transcellular fluid compartment

Answer 6

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Aqueous Humor- front of the eye
Vitreous Humor- back of the eye
Serous Fluid
Synovial Fluid- joints

Question 7

2 pressures that cause fluids to move between compartments

Answer 7

Osmotic: higher solute concentration
Hydrostatic: higher to lower pressure

Question 8

H20 intake - how much + where it comes from

Answer 8

2500 mL per day
60% beverages
30% moist foods
10% metabolic water (the chemical reactions that happen in your body

Question 9

Thirst mechanism is normally triggered by

Answer 9

by osmoreceptors, whenever the total body water decreases by 1%

Question 10

Stretch receptors (volume receptors) of cardiovascular system cause thirst when

Answer 10

when blood volume decreases by 10%

Question 11

Water output: 5 ways we lose water from the body

Answer 11

Urine
Feces
Sweat (sensible perspiration)
Evaporating off the skin (insensible perspiration)
Lungs during breathing

Question 12

Dehydration occurs if

Answer 12

If water intake is insufficient - thirst mechanism, decreased water output

Question 13

Hypotonic hydration

Answer 13

water intoxication- Sweating a lot replacing H2O but not electrolytes
Leads to hyponatremia (Low Na+)

Question 14

Hypoproteinemia

Answer 14

low plasma protein, causes edema
overhydration

Question 15

Salt craving may be caused by

Answer 15

Severe electrolyte deficiency

Question 16

Greatest electrolyte loss is how

Answer 16

occurs as a result of kidney function and urine production

Question 17

Regulation of electrolyte output

Answer 17

Aldosterone:
Produced in the adrenal cortex (outer part) hormone
Increase sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion secretion at the same time

Question 18

5 Sources of H+ cations in the body

Answer 18

Aerobic respiration of glucose
Anaerobic respiration of glucose
Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
Oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur
Hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids

Question 19

Aerobic respiration of glucose

Answer 19

CO2 is produced

Question 20

Anaerobic respiration of glucose

Answer 20

Formation of lactic acid

Question 21

Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 21

Formation of acidic ketone bodies

Question 22

Oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur

Answer 22

Formation of sulfuric acid

Question 23

Hydrolysis of phosphoproteins and nucleic acids

Answer 23

Formation of phosphoric acid

Question 24

The 3 chemical buffer systems (H+ regulation)

Answer 24

temporary & fast; first line of defense

Bicarbonate buffer system: HCO3-
Phosphate buffer system: seen in urine formation
Protein buffer system: albumins and hemoglobin

Question 25

The 2 physiological buffer systems (H+ regulation)

Answer 25

longer-term & slow; second line of defense - need to eliminate the excess acid or base Respiratory System (lungs): several minutes Urinary System (kidneys): 1-3 days Excretion of H+ ions

Question 26

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 26

increase of CO2 decreases the pH Increased carbonic acid Labored breathing can result from injury to the brainstem, alveolar obstruction, diseases (PNA, emphysema)

Question 27

Acid-Base PH range

Answer 27

Normal pH range in blood: 7.35-7.45 Survival range in blood: 6.8-8.0

Question 28

Respiratory acid

Answer 28

carbonic acid

Question 29

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 29

decrease of CO2 increases the pH decreased carbonic acid Factors that can lead to this are anxiety, salicylates (aspirin) poisoning, fever, high altitudes

Question 30

Alkalosis PH

Answer 30

Above 7.45

Question 31

Acidosis PH

Answer 31

below 7.35

Question 32

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 32

accumulation of acids other than carbonic: uremic acids, ketoacidosis (improper oxidation of fatty acids or the loss of bases: prolonged diarrhea

Question 33

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 33

Loss of hydrogen ions and gain of bases Loss of H+: gastric lavage and excessive vomiting, diuretic drug use Gain of bases: antacids (like sodium bicarbonate)

Question 34

Compensation

Answer 34

resistance to a shift in pH (chemical & physiological) If the the problem is respiratory acidosis due to pulmonary disease, the respiratory system is not able to take part in the compensation.

Question 35

Gonads

Answer 35

the organs that produce sex hormones and gametes -Testes and Ovaries

Question 36

Gametes

Answer 36

sex cells (eggs/sperms)

Question 37

Diploid

Answer 37

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Question 38

Haploid

Answer 38

23 chromosomes

Question 39

Hypotonic dehydration

Answer 39

Losing more electrolytes than water (diarrhea, vomiting)