Exam 1- Chapter 1

Question 1

Who are the women of nursing in history?

Answer 1

Florence Nightingale
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster

Question 2

Early hospitals were founded by what?

Answer 2

Religious Groups

Question 3

What is the Goldmark report?

Answer 3

Advocating financial support of university-based schools of nursing

Question 4

What is The Institute of Medicine

Answer 4

A report: leading change and advancing health

Question 5

Ancient History of Nursing

Answer 5

Need for nurses.
Boundary between nursing and medicine often blurred.
Christianity improved nursing by attracting intelligent people and establishing military nursing orders.

Question 6

Who was Florence Nightingale and why is she important?

Answer 6

• “Mother of Nursing”
• Founder of modern nursing
• Improved health laws (hand washing)
• Reformed hospitals/organized military medical services
• Established nursing as a profession
• Published Notes on Nursing (1859)
• Started Nightingale Training School for Nurses
• Sick nursing versus healthy nursing

Question 7

Who founded Nurse Corps of the US Army, expanding nursing roles? (Civil War)

Answer 7

Dorothea Dix

Question 8

Who founded the American Red Cross? (Civil War)

Answer 8

Clara Barton

Question 9

What significant things happened in nursing during the Spanish war?

Answer 9

• Volunteer Nurse Corps established and becomes the Army Nurse Corps
• Navy Nurse Corps established

Question 10

What significant thing happened in nursing during WWII?

Answer 10

Black nurses first admitted into military service.

Question 11

What professional Nursing Organizations and Journals emerged in the Early 20th Century?

Answer 11

• American Nurses Association (ANA)
• National League for Nursing (NLN)
• American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN)
• American Journal of Nursing

Question 12

What changes are associated with nursing in the 21-st Century?

Answer 12

• Nurses need to be able to render care in a wide range of settings.
• Adapt to needs of diverse patients.
• Be knowledgable of emerging technologies.

Question 13

What is socialization?

Answer 13

A process involving learning both theory and skills and also internalizing an identity appropriate to a specific role.

Question 14

What is the Criteria of a Profession?

Answer 14

Having a specific body of knowledge and a set of values and skills that differentiate members of a profession from others.

Question 15

What is Skill Proficiency in Nursing?

Answer 15

Patricia Benner (1984) identified five levels of proficiency in acquiring and developing nursing skills: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient and Expert.

Question 16

What is Continuing education within nursing?

Answer 16

Some states require acquisition of continuing education for ongoing licensure.

Question 17

What is a Certification?

Answer 17

A voluntary process that provides professional recognition of the knowledge, skills, and abilities within a practice area.

Question 18

What are Standards of Practice? (Standards of Care)

Answer 18

The minimum acceptable guidelines for providing and evaluating nursing care. The ANA designates professional nursing responsibilities such as assessment, diagnosis, outcome identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.

Question 19

What is Scope of Practice?

Answer 19

The legislation describing what nurses are legally authorized to do. The Nurse Practice Act of each state defines the scope of practice of nursing within the state.

Question 20

What are the ANA Standards of Practice or Care? (Nursing Process)

Answer 20

• Assessment
• Diagnosis
• Outcome identification
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation

Question 21

What does each states Nurse Practice Act define?

Answer 21

The practice of nursing within its jurisdiction.

Question 22

What does the American Nurses Association (ANA) do?

Answer 22

Sets the standards of practice for nurses and makes decisions about the functions, activities, and goals of the nursing profession.

Question 23

What does Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), Honor Society of Nursing do?

Answer 23

Provides leadership and scholarship in practice, education, and research to enhance the health of all people.

Question 24

What is the National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA)?

Answer 24

An autonomous organization that is financed and administered by students that serve as the voice of nursing students.

Question 25

What are nursing responsibilities?

Answer 25

-Caregiver -Patient Advocate -Educator -Decision Maker -Manager and coordinator -Communicator (Goal is to do no harm)

Question 26

The Quality and Safety Education for nurses (QSEN) initiative identified what key quality and safety competencies for nurses?

Answer 26

- Patient-centered care - Teamwork and Collaboration - Evidence-Based Practice - Quality Improvement - Safety - Informatics

Question 27

What are the four central concepts in nursing practice that are defined and described in nursing theories?

Answer 27

- Person - Environment - Health - Nursing

Question 28

What are the non-nursing theories used or adapted by nursing?

Answer 28

- General Systems Theory (Von Bertalanffy) - Human Needs Theory (Maslow) - Change Theory (Lewin)

Question 29

What is the General Systems Theory?

Answer 29

Major assumptions of this theory include: -All systems must be goal directed. -A system is more than sum of its parts. -A system is ever changing and any change in one part affects the whole. -Boundaries are implicit, and human systems are open and dynamic. (Roy, Neuman, Johnson, Parse)

Question 30

What is Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs Theory?

Answer 30

(Most important needs to be met to least important) - Physiologic needs - Safety needs - Love needs - Esteem needs - Self-actualization needs

Question 31

What are Physiologic needs?

Answer 31

The need for oxygen, food, water, elimination, activity, red, temperature maintenance, and sexuality.

Question 32

What are Safety needs?

Answer 32

The need to be physically safe and free from fear and anxiety resulting from lack of security and protection.

Question 33

What are Love needs?

Answer 33

The feeling of belonging and being loved to avoid loneliness and isolation.

Question 34

What are Esteem needs?

Answer 34

Composed of esteem derived from others (respect) and self-esteem.

Question 35

What are Self-actualization needs?

Answer 35

The need to maximize one's potential.

Question 36

What is Lewin's Change Theory?

Answer 36

Offers insight into expected behaviors when significant change occurs within an environment. There are three recognized states: - Unfreezing - Movement - Refreezing

Question 37

What is unfreezing in Lewin's Change Theory?

Answer 37

Recognition of the need for change and the dissolution of previously held patterns of behavior.

Question 38

What is movement in Lewin's Change Theory?

Answer 38

Shift of behavior toward a new and more healthful pattern.

Question 39

What is refreezing in Lewin's Change Theory?

Answer 39

Long-term solidification of the new pattern of behavior.

Question 40

What are functional health patterns?

Answer 40

- Health perception and health management - activity and exercise - nutrition and metabolism - elimination - sleep and rest - cognition and perception

Question 41

What are additional patterns of functional health problems?

Answer 41

self-perception and self-concept, roles and relationships, | coping and stress tolerance, sexuality and reproduction, values and beliefs

Question 42

What are issues and trends in current nursing?

Answer 42

(influence of healthcare setting) - Rising costs - Complexity of healthcare settings and services - Expanding community health services - Increasing use of ambulatory care services

Question 43

What are some technological advances in nursing?

Answer 43

- Less invasive diagnostic tools and procedures. - Computerized monitoring systems and critical care interventions - Expense of new life-saving technology leads to question of resource allocation.

Question 44

What are some issues surrounding access to health care and financial resources?

Answer 44

- patients ability to receive care (race, income, geographic location) - dollar amounts assigned to services and relate to patient outcomes - rising costs debate quality versus quantity of life