Exam 1 - Chapter 3

Question 1

_________ is our connection to the outside world

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Perception -

-Transduction of energy from _________ world to the brain

Answer 2

external

Question 3

We often have to solve numerous ‘problems’ for accurate perception, yet often overlook _________

Answer 3

difficulties

Question 4

_________ – wrote the book on psychology

Answer 4

William James

Question 5

_________ – taking one form of energy to another form

Answer 5

Transduction

Question 6

Our perception of an object affects how we _________ with it

Answer 6

interact

Question 7

Difficulty with building accurate perceiving machines

-The stimulus on the receptors is _________

Answer 7

ambiguous

Question 8

_________ Learning - Learning we use all the time, learning used while learning a new hobby or learning in school. Any learning where we are trying to learn or know that we are learning.

Answer 8

Explicit

Question 9

Explicit Learning - Learning we use all the time, learning used while learning a new _________ or learning in school. Any learning where we are trying to learn or _________ that we are learning.

Answer 9

• hobby

- know

Question 10

_________ Learning - (learning to drive first time)

Answer 10

Implicit

Question 11

_________ Learning

-Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell how to ride a bike easily)

Answer 11

Implicit

Question 12

Implicit Learning

-Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell someone how to ride a bike very _________)

Answer 12

easily

Question 13

Implicit Learning - (learning to drive first time)

• Cant verbalize the process easily (cant tell how to ride a bike easily)
• _________ learning

Answer 13

Motor

Question 14

-The Perceptual Process-

Remember, vision is the reflection of light from the _________ . The light is transduced into _________ energy by the eye so that it can be sent to the brain.

Answer 14

• object

- electrical

Question 15

-The Perceptual Process-

Remember, _________ is the reflection of light from the object. The light is _________ into electrical energy by the eye so that it can be sent to the brain.

Answer 15

• vision

- transduced

Question 16

_________ processing:

Traditionally what we think of with perceptual processing; details bigger picture

Answer 16

Bottom-up

Question 17

_________ processing:

Details –> bigger picture

Answer 17

Bottom-up

Question 18

_________ processing:
Processing that originates in the brain; bigger picture –> details
Perception is driven by knowledge

Answer 18

Top-down

Question 19

_________ processing:

Bigger picture –> details

Answer 19

Top-down

Question 20

_________ processing:

Perception is driven by knowledge

Answer 20

Top-down

Question 21

_________ processing:

Olivia & Torralba (2007)—blob study
Phoneme restoration effect

Answer 21

Top-down

Question 22

_________ -

Many words have no clear boundaries
yet speech segmentation is effortless

Answer 22

Top Down Knowledge

Question 23

_________ : dividing speech into useful segments (e.g., individuals words/word boundaries)

Answer 23

Speech segmentation

Question 24

Speech segmentation:

Speech signal does not have clear _________ for each word, like with think/perceive that it does

Answer 24

dividers

Question 25

_________ : production of each phoneme depends upon the phoneme that precedes/proceeds it

Answer 25

Co-articulation

Question 26

Co-articulation: production of each phoneme depends upon the phoneme that _________ it

Answer 26

precedes/proceeds

Question 27

Speech segmentation: Speech is variable between _________

Answer 27

speakers

Question 28

Speech segmentation: Speech is fast Average speech rate = ____ words/min (15 phonemes/sec)

Answer 28

180

Question 29

Speech segmentation: Pronunciation differs depending on the prior _________ because of the prior placement of _________ .

Answer 29

- word | - tongue

Question 30

Co-articulation – tongue is doing a lot of work, if it can make a shortcut it might do it; _________

Answer 30

speech errors

Question 31

_________ – tongue is doing a lot of work, if it can make a shortcut it might do it; speech errors

Answer 31

Co-articulation

Question 32

_________ -Where the tongue is coming from and where its going next

Answer 32

Co-articulation

Question 33

-Unconscious Inference- _________ - Realized that the retinal image is ambiguous

Answer 33

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 34

-Unconscious Inference- _________ - Developed the likelihood principle to explain why we assume that we are seeing 2 overlapping rectangles

Answer 34

Hermann von Helmholtz

Question 35

-Unconscious Inference- Hermann von Helmholtz- Developed the likelihood principle to explain why we assume that we are seeing 2 _________ rectangles

Answer 35

overlapping

Question 36

Hermann von Helmholtz- _________ : the perceptual system prefers the most likely interpretation of a stimulus

Answer 36

Likelihood principle

Question 37

Hermann von Helmholtz- Likelihood principle: the perceptual system prefers the most _________ interpretation of a stimulus

Answer 37

likely

Question 38

_________- - Statistical probability / likelihood of seeing an image – guessing/assuming what’s behind the object based on the most expected thing you would see

Answer 38

Likelihood principle

Question 39

Likelihood principle - Statistical probability / likelihood of seeing an image – guessing/assuming what’s _________ the object based on the most _________ thing you would see

Answer 39

- behind | - expected

Question 40

Some (Wundt) argued that we perceive as a face because we ‘add up’ the _________ parts

Answer 40

individual

Question 41

Gestalt psychologists argue that the ‘whole is different from the _________ of it’s parts’

Answer 41

sum

Question 42

_________ psychologists argue that the ‘whole is different from the sum of it’s parts’

Answer 42

Gestalt

Question 43

_________ - Flipbook – still frames look like moving images

Answer 43

Gestalt Principles

Question 44

Gestalt Principles _________ : perception of movement, even though nothing is moving (flip-book)

Answer 44

Apparent movement

Question 45

Apparent movement- Led Gestalt psychologists to come up with the different ways elements are grouped together to create a larger object (principles of _________ organization)

Answer 45

perceptual

Question 46

Gestalt Approach to Grouping- _________ : points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are perceived to belong together (smoothest path)

Answer 46

Good continuation

Question 47

Gestalt Approach to Grouping- Good continuation: points, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are perceived to _________ together (_________ path)

Answer 47

- belong | - smoothest

Question 48

Good continuation - If something is going in one direction its _________ to radically change directions, its usually a nice _________ flowing change of direction

Answer 48

- unlikely | - smooth

Question 49

_________ : patterns are perceived so that the resulting object is as simple as possible

Answer 49

Good figure (simplicity)

Question 50

Good figure (simplicity): patterns are perceived so that the resulting object is as _________ as possible

Answer 50

simple

Question 51

_________ : similar things appear to be grouped together

Answer 51

Similarity

Question 52

_________ : near objects are grouped together

Answer 52

Proximity

Question 53

_________ : objects moving in the same direction are grouped together

Answer 53

Common fate

Question 54

_________ : objects in the same region of space are grouped together

Answer 54

Common region

Question 55

_________ : a connected region with the same visual properties (e.g., lightness, color, texture, motion) are grouped together

Answer 55

Uniform connectedness

Question 56

The Environment Tends to Be Pretty _________

Answer 56

Regular

Question 57

_________ : people better at identifying horizontal/vertical stimuli, since this is what is encountered most

Answer 57

Oblique effect

Question 58

Oblique effect: people better at identifying horizontal/ _________ stimuli, since this is what is encountered most

Answer 58

vertical

Question 59

Oblique effect – - _________ at identifying things vertical and horizontal - _________ at identifying things at an angle

Answer 59

- Good | - Bad

Question 60

_________ : pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them

Answer 60

Schemas

Question 61

Schemas: pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the _________ among them

Answer 61

relationships

Question 62

Schemas – Regular _________ – (coffee shop, go to counter rather than sit down first)

Answer 62

patterns

Question 63

It is not surprising that the brain adapts to what it experiences _________

Answer 63

regularly

Question 64

_________ : the process of brain ‘changes’ based upon experience

Answer 64

Experience-based plasticity

Question 65

_________- - Language learning - Cat vision (Hubel & Weisel)

Answer 65

Experience-based plasticity

Question 66

Perception and action are strongly _________

Answer 66

coupled

Question 67

Must accurately perceive an object to _________ with it

Answer 67

interact

Question 68

We also consider the ‘_________ ’ when starting an action

Answer 68

end-state

Question 69

_________- | “Pick the correct shape to get food.”

Answer 69

Object Recognition

Question 70

_________- | “Pick the shape closet to the cylinder to get food.”

Answer 70

Landmark Discrimination

Question 71

Damage _________ lobe – Problems with object recognition

Answer 71

temporal

Question 72

Damage temporal lobe – Problems with _________

Answer 72

object recognition

Question 73

Damage _________ lobe – Problems with landmark discrimination

Answer 73

parietal

Question 74

Damage parietal lobe – Problems with _________

Answer 74

landmark discrimination

Question 75

Damage temporal and parietal lobe - Individually they are examples of _________ dissociation Both together, they are a _________ dissociation

Answer 75

- Single | - Double

Question 76

Damage temporal and parietal lobe - - Individually they are examples of Single dissociation - Both together, they are a Double dissociation Suggests that they have an _________ role

Answer 76

independent

Question 77

_________ pathway – bottom of brain

Answer 77

Ventral

Question 78

Ventral pathway – _________ of brain

Answer 78

bottom

Question 79

_________ pathway – top of brain

Answer 79

Dorsal

Question 80

Dorsal pathway – _________ of brain

Answer 80

top

Question 81

_________ Lobe – Where/How

Answer 81

Parietal

Question 82

Parietal Lobe – _________

Answer 82

Where/How

Question 83

_________ Lobe - What

Answer 83

Temporal

Question 84

Temporal Lobe - _________

Answer 84

What