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Pathology 1 > Exam 1: Circulatory Disorders Parts 1&2 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Circulatory Disorders Parts 1&2 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Vascular endothelium?

A
  1. role in hemostasis
  2. Modulates Perfusion
  3. Role in inflammation
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2
Q

arrest bleeding by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means

A

Hemostasis

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3
Q

The space between tissue comaprtments

A

interstitium

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4
Q

Water distribution b/t plasma and theinterstitium is primarily determined by the ____ and ____ pressure differences b/t the 2 compartments

A

hydrostatic , oncotic

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5
Q

What equation is used to measure pressure differences between two compartments?

A

starling equation

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6
Q

T/F Capillary hydrostatic and oncotic pressures are normally equal

A

T

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7
Q

T/F. an inc. in hydrostatic pressure or diminished plasma osmotic pressure will cause extravascular fluid to accumulate.

A

T

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8
Q

List the 7 circulatory disturbances

A
  1. edema
  2. hyperemia & congestion
  3. Hemostasis
  4. Helmorrhage
  5. Thrombosis, embolism, DIC
  6. infarction
  7. Shock
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9
Q

Abnormal accumulation of excess extracellular water in interstitial spaces or body cavities

A

Edema

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10
Q

What are the 4 pathomechanisms of Edema?

A
  1. inc. blood hydrostatic pressure
  2. dec. plasma colloidal osmotic pressure
  3. lympahtic obstruction
  4. inc. vascular permeability
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11
Q

What are the 2 categories of edema?

A
  1. inflammatory

2. non-inflammatory

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12
Q

Type of edema that is characterized by an inc vascular permeability

A

Inflammatory

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13
Q

What is inflammatory edema referred as?

A

exudate

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14
Q

What is non-inflammatory edema referred to as?

A

Transudate

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15
Q

liver failure causes which type of edema?

A

non-inflammatory

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16
Q

What does edema look like in cadaver?

A
  1. Wet
  2. gelatinous/ heavy
  3. swollen organs
  4. fluid weeps when cut
  5. yellow
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17
Q

When pressure is applied to an area of edema a depression results as excessive interstitial fluid is forced to adjacent areas

A

Pitting edema

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18
Q

Fluid in the thoracic cavity

A

hydrothorax

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19
Q

fluid within the peritoneal cavity

A

Ascites/hydroperitoneum

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20
Q

Generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue

A

Anasarca

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21
Q

What are the 3 factors that determine the clinical significance of edema?

A
  1. extent
  2. location
  3. duration
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22
Q

Which type of edema is associated with damage to pulmonary capillary endothelium

A

inflammatory

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23
Q

Which type of edema is associated with left sided CHF?

A

non-inflammatory

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24
Q

What does ARDS stand for?

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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25
What is chronic pulmonary edema most commonly associated with?
cardiac failure
26
inc. of arteriole-mediated engorgement of the vascular bed
Hyperemia
27
passive, venous engorgement
congestion
28
Hyperemia or congestion? Blood is not oxygenated?
congestion
29
Hyperemia or congestion? blood is oxygenated
hyperemia
30
What are the 2 types of hyperemia?
1. physiological | 2. pathological
31
what are 4 examples of physiological hyperemia?
1. digestion= inc blood to GIT 2. Exercise= inc blood to m. 3. Dissipate heat 4. neurovascular= blushing
32
What causes pathological hyperemia?
underlying pathological processes, usually inflammation
33
List 2 examples of pathological hyperemia
1. gingivitis | 2. conjunctivitis
34
passive engorgement of vascular beds caused by a dec. outflow of blood
congestion
35
Usually the result of heart failure and associated with edema.
pulmonary congestion
36
subacute to chronic ______ is usually the result of right sided CHF.
hepatic congestion
37
the escape of blood from the blood vessels
hemorrhage
38
what are the two types of hemorrhage
internal or external
39
What are some of the primary causes of hemorrhage?
1. Trauma 2. Sepsis 3. viremia/bacteremia/toxins 4. abdominal neoplasia 5. Coagulation abnormalities
40
What is the diff. between hemorrhage and hyperemia/congestion?
hemorrage means blood is outside the vessel wall, hyperemia means blood is within the vessels
41
How is the clinical significance of hemorrhage determined?
Location and severity
42
Hemorrhage due to a substantial tear in the vascular wall
Hemorrhage by rhexis
43
Hemorrhage due to a small defect in the vessel wall or rbcs passing through the vessel wall in cases of inflammation or congestion
Hemorrhage by diapedesis
44
inc. tendency to hemorrhage from usually insignificant injuries
hemorrhagic diathesis
45
blood in the thoracic cavity
hemothorax
46
blood in the peritoneal cavity
hemoperitoneum
47
blood within a joint space
Hemoarthrosis
48
coughing up of blood or blood-stained sputum from the lungs or airways
hemoptysis
49
Bleeding from the nose
epistaxis
50
hemorrhage that is up to 1-2mm in size
petechia
51
Where is petechia commonly found?
skin, mucosal and serosal surfaces
52
hemorrhage that is larger than petechia, up to 2cm in size
ecchymosis
53
hemorrhage that is larger than ecchymosis
suffusive hemorrhage
54
petechiae and ecchymoses associated with terminal hypoxia
agonal hemorrhages
55
hemorrhage that looks like if red paint was hastily applied with a paint brush
paint-brush hemorrhage
56
where is paint brush hemorrhage most commonly found?
mucosal and serosal surfaces
57
Central mass of fibrin and RBCs surrounded by supportive vascular CT
Organizing hematoma
58
arrest bleeding by physiological or surgical means
hemostasis
59
The pathological form of hemostasis
thrombosis
60
What is thrombosis?
A clot that forms within a vessel which is not injured or only mildly injured.
61
What are the 3 general components necessary for normal hemostasis to occur?
1. vascular wall 2. platelets 3. coagulation cascade
62
Aggregate of platelets, fibrin, and entrapped blood cells
thrombus
63
What are the 3 components of the virchow triad?
1. endothelial injury 2. Alterations in blood flow 3. hypercoagulability
64
What are the 3 ways you can get hypercoagulability?
1. inc. in coagulation factors 2. inc. in sensitivity to coagulation factors 3. dec. in coagulation inhibitors
65
Thrombus formation in the cranial mesenteric artery of horses with strogylus vulgaris infection
verminous thrombosis
66
what are the 4 possible outcomes of thrombi
1. lysis 2. propagation 3. embolism 4. organization
67
What is embolism?
when pieces of a thrombus break off from the original mass and sail downstrem to lodge at a distant site
68
The mass that breaks off a thrombus
embolus
69
A physiological response to vascular damage to seal an injured vessel to prevent blood loss
hemostasis
70
What does DIC stand for and what is it?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation systemic reaction in which there is generalized activation of the blood coagulation system
71
Localized area of ischemic necrosis in a tissue or organ caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous drainage
infarction
72
What are the 3 types of shock?
1. cardiogenic shock 2. hypovolemic shock 3. blood maldistribution
73
What is cardiogenic shock?
failure of the heart to maintain normal cardiac output
74
What is hypovolemic shock?
fluid loss due to hemorrhage, vomiting, or diarrhea
75
What are the 3 types of blood maldistribution?
1. anaphylactic 2. neurogenic 3. septic
76
What causes anaphylactic blood maldistribution shock
type 1 hypersensitivity
77
What causes neurogenic blood maldistribution shock?
neurological injury leading to loss of vascular tone and peripheral pooling of blood
78
what causes septic blood maldistribution shock?
host innate IS response to infectious organisms that may be blood borne or localized to a particular site
79
what is the most common cause of septic shock/
endothoxin-producing gram-negative bacilli

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

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