Exam 3: dermatopathology Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Palpable elevation filled with clear fluid
A
Vessicle or Bulla
2
Q
what is the diff. b/t vesicle and bulla
A
vessicle is < 1cm
Bulla is > 1 cm
3
Q
What are the 4 causes of vesicle or bulla formation
A
- Autoimmune dz
- viral inection
- Chemical irritants
- Burn
4
Q
Vesicles and bullas are part of which pathologica process?
A
- Degeneration/ necrosis
2. Inflammation and repair
5
Q
What are the 3 types of vesicle
A
- subcorneal
- suprabasal
- subepidermal
6
Q
What forms the roof of a subcorneal vesicle
A
stratum corneum
7
Q
what forms the roof of a suprabasal vesicle
A
epidermis
8
Q
what forms the roof of a subepidermal vesicle
A
entire epidermis
9
Q
palpable elevation filled with pus
A
Pustule
10
Q
What pathologic process is a pustule?
A
Inflammation and repair
11
Q
What causes pustule formation
A
leukocyte infiltrate
12
Q
What is the common term for a pustule
A
acne
13
Q
Dried exudate, serum, blood, and scale that is adhered to the skin surface
A
Crust
14
Q
Crust is part of what pathologic processes
A
- Degeneration and necrosis
- Inflammation and repair
- Disorders of growth
15
Q
What are the 3 causes of crust formation
A
- Disorders of keratinization
- pustular derm.
- secondary to ulcers
16
Q
What is the common term for crust?
A
scab
17
Q
Palpable, solid, elevated mass less than 1 cm
A
Papules
18
Q
what are the 4 causes of papules
A
- infiltrate of inflam. cells
- infiltrate of neoplastic cells
- epidermal yperplasia
- deposit of mineral
19
Q
What pathological processes does papules belong to
A
- inflammation and repair
- disorder of growth
- deposits and pigmentation
20
Q
Papules greater than 1cm
A
Nodules
21
Q
Coalesced papules
A
Plaques
22
Q
Loss of epidermis with exposure of dermis
A
ulcer
23
Q
Ulcers are secondary to waht 4 things?
A
- Epidermal necrosis
- Inflammation
- Infarction
- Neoplasia
24
Q
Ulcers are part of which pathological processes
A
- Degeneration and necrosis
- Inflammation and repair
- Circ. disorders
- Disorder of growth
25
Accumulation of keritinized cells
Scale
26
What are the 2 causes of scale?
1. Disorders of keratinization
| 2. Chronic derm
27
Scale is part of which pathological processes
1. Inflam. and repair
| 2. Disorder of growth
28
Circ. rim of scale that occurs secondary to rupture of vesicle, pustule, or papule
Epidermal collarette
29
Thickening and hardening of the skin
Lichenification
30
What is the cause of lichenification
chronic irritation and inflam
31
Lichenification belongs to which pathological process
Inflammation and repair
32
What are the Do's for collecting a skin biopsy
1. biopsy before tx
2. be gentile
3. collect multiple samples
4. include rusts
33
What are the Don'ts of collecting a skin biopsy
1. surgically prep the site
2. Grasp with forceps
3. Biopsy the center of a lesion
4. hold out on DDx or history
34
Degeneration/necrotic lesions become _____ overtime
inflam. and repair
35
What type of disorders typically lead to degeneration and necrosis
primary circ. disorders
36
What is the pathogenesis of photosensitization
1. Uv light absorbed by photodynamic skin chemicals
2. free radical dam.
3. epidermal necrossis of lightly pigmented or sparsely haired skin
37
What are the two types of primary photosensitization
1. Type 1 (exogenous)
| 2. Type 2 (Intrinsic)
38
What causes type 1 photosensitization
drugs or plants containing photosensitive chemicals
39
What causes type 2 photosensitization
Inherited deficiency of proporphyrinogen III cosynthetase which causes defect in heme synthesis and buildup of porphyrins
40
What are the two types of photosensitization
primary and secondary
41
What is the cause of secondary photosensitization
poor hepatic clearance of phylloerythrin
42
Toxins from secondary photosensitization cause what
biliary obstruction
43
Acute UV light exposure
Solar injury (sunburn)
44
Chronic UV light exposure leads to ____
solar/actinic keratosis
45
What is the Mdx of solar/actinic keratosis
Epidermal hyperplasia, dermal fibrosis and elastosis
46
Caused by exposure to excessive heat, hot liquids, heating pads, blow dryers, lighting.
thermal burns
47
What are the 3 degrees of thermal burns
1. 1st degree
2. second degree
3. 3rd degree
48
what are the characteristics of 1st degree burn
1. epidermis
2. reddening necrotic epidermis
3. complete healing
49
What are the characteristics of 2nd degree burns
1. epidermis and dermis
2. vesicle formation
3. Some adnexa are preserved allowing epidermal regen. with some scaring
50
What are the characteristics of 3rd degree burn?
1. full thickness
2. sloughing of necrotic tisssue followed by granulation
3. scar
4. life threatening
51
Caused by body or wound seccretions, application of drugs, exposure to acids, alkalies, soaps, detergents or irritant plants
Chemical burns
52
Erythema mltiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis patho. is thought to involve type __ hypersens.
4
53
Erythema multiform or Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
more severe, sheets of apoptotic/necrotic cells resembling a burn
TEN
54
Erythema multiform or Toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Milder, single cell apoptosis +/- lymphocyte satellitosis
EM
55
Burns are part of what pathological process
Degeneration and necrosis
56
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
1. erythema
2. Edema
3. Exudate
4. Heat
5. Pain
6 Itching
57
If there are ______ or _____ there is an inflam. component to the lesion
pustules or crust
58
Immune mediated inflammatory lesions cause what?
Depigmentation
59
What are the early features of dermatitis
1. Edema
2. Erythema
3. +/- pustules, crust, vesicles
60
What are the late features of dermatitis
1. Scaling
2. Change in oiliness
3. Ulceration
4. Alopecia
5. Lichenification
6. Pigmentary change
7. Fibrosis/scaring
61
What are the 6 pathological processes of inflam. and repair
1. Suppurative
2. Proliferative
3. Vesicular
4. Granulomatous
5. Eosinophilic
6. Interface
62
What is suppurative derm. caused by?
Bacterial, Autoimmune
63
What is proliferative derm caused by?
viral
64
What is vesicular derm caused by?
viral, auto immune
65
What is granulomatous derm caused by?
Bacteria, fungal, foreign substance
66
What is eosinophilic derm. caused by?
allergy
| parasites
67
What is interface derm caused by?
Autoimmune
68
pus in the skin
pyoderma
69
what are the two categories of pyoderma
1. Superficial
| 2. Deep
70
What is superfical pyoderma
epidermis and hair follicles
71
What is deep pyoderma
Deep dermis
72
greasy pig dz is what type of pyoderma
Superficial
73
Abscesses are which type of pyoderma
Deep
74
What are the portals for bacterial infections of the skin
1. pores
2. hematogenous spread
3. direct entry though damaged skin
75
What are the predisposing factors bacterial infections of the skin
1. Disorders of keritinization
2. Immunodeficiency
3. Anatomic predisposition
76
What are some reasons that bacterial skin infections are common in dogs
1. Stratum corneum
2. lack of lipid seal of hair follicles
3. high skin pH
77
What is the most likely culprit of bacterial skin infections of dogs
Staph spp
78
what is impetigo
superficial pustular dermatitis
79
T/F. impetigo is fatal in puppies
F. normal
80
What is intertrigo
skin fold pyoderma
81
What is polymelia
multiple limbs
82
What is the pathogenesis of intertrigo
Close skin, frictional trauma, moisture, opportunistic bacterial infections
83
What is pyotraumatic dermatitis?
hot spots
84
What is the pathogenesis of pyotraumatic derm
self trauma leading to bacterial inf.
85
What do hotspots look like grossly
moist alopecic slightly raised well-circumscribed lesions with ulceration and crusting
86
what is an ex. of exudative epidermitis
Greasy pig dz
87
What bacteria causes greasy pig dz
staph. hyicus
88
What is dermatophilosis caused by
D. congolensis
89
What are the predisposing factors for Dermatophilosis
wet, humid, environ
90
What is canine superficial spreading pyoderma
secondary condition
| bacterial infection of superfical follicles and adj skin
91
What are two DDx for Canine superficial pyoderma
1. Dermatophytosis (ring worm)
| 2. Demodicosis
92
What are the 4 ways you can dx Canine superficial spreding pyoderma
1. Cytology
2. Woods lamp
3. Fungal culture
4. Skin scraping
93
What will you see on cytology of Canine superficial pyoderma?
Neutrophils with cocci
94
What are the two conditions that are grossly indistinguasable from Canine superficial spreading pyoderma
1. Demodicosis
| 2. Dermatophytosis
95
What causes demodicosis
Demodex spp.
96
What are the two forms of demodicosis in dogs
1. Localized form: face and forlegs of young dogs
| 2. Generalized form: often associated with systemic dz
97
What causes dermatophytosis?
Epidermophyton, microsporum, and trichophyton spp. (fungi)
98
how is Dermatophytosis spread?
contact with scales shed from infected ans.
99
Where does the fungi that causes dermatophytosis colonize
keratin
100
T/F The fungi tkhat cause dermatophytosis must invade the tissue in order to colonize
F
101
What are the 2 predisposing factors of Dermatophytosis infection
1. Yound/immunocomp.
| 2. hot/humid environ
102
If there is a leukocyte infiltrate of the epidermis, what pathological process are we dealing with
Inflammatory
103
Pemphigus is a group of autoimmuone diseases involving which type of hypersens.?
Type 2 against cell adhesion proteins
104
What is the most common form of pemphigus?
P. foliaceous
105
What is the sequence of lesions in pox viruses
1. macule
2. papule
3. vesicle
4. pustule
5. crust
6. scar
106
Poxviruses have a gene whose product is similar to ____ causing _____
epidermal GF
| causing Epidermal hyperplasia
107
What are the two non infectious granulomatous diseases
1. idiopathic sterile granuloma and pyogranuloma syndrome
108
A puppy presents to you with pustules, nodules, swelling of the face, ears and mucocutaneous junctions what does he have?
puppy strangles
| juvenile steril granulomatous derm
109
What is the common name for fungal derm?
swamp cancer
110
What is the MDx of fungal dermatitis
Granulomatous dermatitis
111
How do dogs get Actinomycete mycetomas
bacteria introduced by traumatic injury
112
Which bacteria cause Actinomyces mycetoma
Nocardia
| Actinomyces
113
What is the MDx of Actinomycete Mycetoma
Pyogranulomatous dermatitis
114
What causes Mycobacterial dermatitis in cats
Feline leprosy
| mycobacterium lepraemurium
115
T/F. the best way to dx. mycobacterial derm. in cats is to do cytology
F. does not grow in culture
116
What causes mycobacterial Dermatitis in dogs
Saprophytic mycobacterium
117
how is saprophytic mycobacterium transmitted to dogs?
fly bites
118
What is the common term for acral lick dermatitis
Lick granuloma
119
What causes lick granulomas
persisten licking and chewing
120
What is the MDX of lick granulomas
Dermal fibrosis and epidermal hyperplasia
121
What are he 4 categories of allergic dkin dz
1. atopy
2. food allergy
3. Contact hypersens.
4. Insect bite
122
What type of hyper sens. is atopy
type 1 to environmental allergens
123
Contact derm. is what type of hypersens
type 4, exposure via direct conact
124
Insect bite hypersens. can be either type __ or __
1 or 4
125
What causes insect bite hypersens. in horses
Culicoides saliva
126
What causes insect bite hypersens in dogs
Flea saliva
127
what causes insect bite sens. in cats
Mosquito saliva
| flea saliva
128
What is miliary dermatitis in cats?
Not a dz, but a pattern of lesions
small crusty erythematous papules
seen in cats with allergic skin dz
129
What is eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats
Not a dz, a pattern of lesions
130
What is the mdx of eosinophilic granuloma complex
ulcerative dermatitis/cheilitis
131
Eosinophilic granuloma complex ulcers on upper lips
indolent ulcer
132
Eosinophilic granuloma complex: discrete red to ulcerated plaques on abdomen or medial thighs
Eosinophilic plaque
133
Eosinophilic granuloma complex: nodules on thighs, face, or mouth
Eosinophilic granules
