Exam 3: Pigmentations and Tissue Deposits Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 categories of pigments
A
- Endogenous
2. Exogenous
2
Q
What are the 3 categories of Endogenous pigments
A
- Haematogenous
- Melanin
- Lipofuscin
3
Q
What are the 4 types of Haematogenous pigments
A
- Haemoglobin
- Bilirubin
- Haemosiderin
- Porphyrins
4
Q
What are the 3 exogenous pigments
A
- Carbon/Dust
- Carotenoids
- Tetracyclines
5
Q
Haemoglobin is normally ___ when bound to O2
A
Red
6
Q
Leakage of hemoglobin from RBCs
A
Hemoglobin imbibition
7
Q
Carbon monoxide toxicity is usually what color?
A
Cherry red
8
Q
Why is carbon monoxide toxicity red?
A
Carboxyhaemoglobin
9
Q
Nitrate poisoning is usually what color and why?
A
chocolate brown, due to oxidation of haem group to methaemoglobin
10
Q
What is the pathogenesis of cyanide toxicity?
A
venous hemoglobin retains O2 due to cyanide binding cytochrome oxidase and is the same color as arterial blood
11
Q
What is the normal cascade of hemoglobin cataboslim?
A
- RBC removed from circ. by spleenic macrophages
- Fe and globin recycled leaving haem
- Haem is enzymatically converted to bilirubin
- Insoluble bilirubin bound to albumin and transported to liver
- Liver removes bilirubin from blood and conjugates with glucuronic acid
- secreted in bile
12
Q
Why does the liver conjugate bilirubin with glucuronic acid
A
to make soluble
13
Q
Unconjugated bilirubin is carried by ____ to the liver
A
Albumin
14
Q
too much bilirubin in the blood
A
hyperbilirubinemia
15
Q
When bilirubinemia is greater than ___ you will get yellow staining of tissues
A
2mg/dl
16
Q
Inc. bilirubin in tissues
A
Jaundice/icterus
17
Q
T/F. If you see an animal with jaundice, you can assume it is liver failure
A
F. Jaundice Does NOT only indicate liver dz
18
Q
What 3 things can processing of bilirubin be affected by?
A
- Inc. RBC breakdown
- Dec. Hepatocyte function
- Blockage of Bile duct
19
Q
What are the 3 clinical classifications of jaundice
A
- Prehepatic (hemolytic)
- Hepatic (hepatocellular)
- Posthepatic (obstructive)
20
Q
What is the cause of prehepatic jaundice?
A
Inc. RBC breakdown
21
Q
What type of jaundice is being described:
Bilirubin production from haemolysed RBCS exceeds hepatocellular uptake.
A
Prehepatic jaundice
22
Q
Inc. RBC breakdown
A
Hemolysis
23
Q
What are the two types of hemolysis
A
- extravascular lysis
2. intravascular lysis
24
Q
Where does extravascular lysis of RBCs occur?
A
- Spleen
- Dam. tissues (bruise)
- chronically congested tissue
25
What is intravascular lysis
Dam. of RBC in circ. causing release of free hemoglobin
26
What transports free hemoglobin?
haptoglobins
27
Excess unbound hemoglobin in circ.
hemoglobinemia
28
Hemoglobinaemia overspills into kidney where it is toxic and detectable in urine
hemoglobinuria
29
Splenomegaly is an ex. of _Extra/Intra_ vascular lysis
Extravascular
30
Type of hemolysis where hemoglobin is not free in blood to be filtered by the kideny
Extravascular hemolysis
31
Type of hemolysis where hemoglobin is filtered by the kidney
intravascular
32
What are the 3 common types of hemolytic anemia
1. infectious
2. Toxic
3. Immune Mediated
33
What is an ex. of infectious hemolytic anemia
Babesia in cattle
| mycoplasma haemofelis in cats
34
Copper poisoning in sheep is an example of which type of hemolytic anemia
Toxic
35
Type of hemolytic anemia where oxidative damage to RBC surface by drugs, chemicals, or plants
Toxic
36
type of hemolytic anemia where antibodies target or destroy RBCs
Immune mediated
37
T/F. immune mediated hemolytic anemia is only caused by intravascular lysis
F. intra or extravascular lysis
38
Canine Autoimmune deficiency causes which type of haemolytic anemia
Immune mediated
39
Neonatal isoerythrolysis Causes which type of haemolytic anemiA?
Immune mediated
40
Incompatable blood transfusions cause which type of haemolytic anemia
immune mediated
41
T/F. Both Extra and Intravascular lysis can cause jaundice
T
42
Obstruction of Bile duct causes which type of jaundice
posthepatic jaundice
43
What is the outcome of Posthepatic jaundice
Bile refluxes into bloodstream
44
Iron is stored as ____
Haemosiderin
45
Iron is stored as ___ intracellularly
Ferritin
46
T/F. grossly, you only need a small amt. of hemosiderin in tissues to see a color change
F. must have a lot to be able to see grossly
47
What does hemosiderin look like microscopically
Dark-yellow-brown coarse granular cytoplasmic pigments
48
What can you stain hemosiderin with, and what color does it turn?
stain with prussian blue/pearls
Blue-black color
49
what are the two types of hemosiderin accumulation?
1. Local
| 2. Widespread
50
What are the two types of local hemosiderin accumulation
1. chronic congestion
| 2. hemorrhage
51
What are the 2 types of widespread hemosiderin accumulation?
1. hemolysis
| 2. Inherited disorders of Fe storage
52
What pigment causes Pink tooth?
porphyria
53
Erythropoietic porphyria is a developmental anomaly of what spp.?
cats, calves, pigs
54
Pink tooth is an inherited deficiency of _____
Uroporphyriogen III cosythetase
55
What does melanin look like grossly
Black/brown tissue color
56
What does melanin look like histopathically
fine brown/black cytoplamic granules
57
How is tyrosine converted to dihydroxyphenylalanine in the melanocyte
Tyrosinase with copper
58
Defect in tyrosinase produces what type of animals
albino
59
UV light, hormones, and inflammation effect which enzyme
tyrosinase
60
What does lipofucin look like grossly
brownish color after lg. amts of accumulation
61
What does lipofuscin look like histopathically
golden-brown, fine granular cytoplasmic pigment
62
Lipofuscin is derived from _____
The breakdown of lipids
63
Lipofuscin is composed of lipid complexed with ___
protein
64
Where is lipofuscin commonly found?
Aged cells and injured cells
65
The wear- and - tear pigment
Lipofuscin
66
T/F. Lipofuscin is commonly found in pre-mitotic cells
F. post mitotic cells
67
inhaled dust
Pneumoconiosis
68
Carbon from the environ
When goes into lung is picked up by macrophages and sometimes when you looke at these dogs lungs from smokers houses under the microscope you can see this granular pigment in the macrophages
Pulmonary anthracosis
69
Where are carotenoids found in nature
in plants
70
Where do carotenoids accumulate in animals
adipose tissue
71
what is the function of carotenoids for animals
antioxidents
72
A mother dog ingested tetracycline during gestation where is it deposited in the fetus, and what color is it
bone and dentin
yellow
73
What are the 3 tissue deposits
1. Calcification
2. amyloid
3. uric acid
74
What are the 4 subtypes of calcification
1. dystrophic
2. metastatic
3. skin calcification
4. Heterotropic
75
Grossly describe calcification
White gritty granules or plaques, hard
76
Histopathically describe calcification
basophilic amorphous granules of inconsisten size and shape
77
Calcification stains black with which stain
VonKossa
78
Local deposition of Ca in areas of injury
Dystrophic calcification
79
Where is dystrophic calcification common
necrotic fat
m.
granulomas
dead parasites
80
T/F. Animals who have dystropic calcification usually have extra calcium in their system
F. normoccalcemic
81
Widespread deposition of calciumm in otherwise normal tissues
Metastatic calcification
82
What is the cause of metastatic calcification
imbalance of calcium and phosphate
83
What are the predelection sites for metastatic calcification
1. lungs
2. pleura
3. endocardium
4. kidneys
5. stomach
6. vessels
84
T/F. metastatic calcification is not really a problem.
F. deposition of Ca can cause dysfunction of organ
85
T/F. lHypercalcemia always causes metastatic calcification
F. only sometimes
86
you can do a test to see Ca/Phos ratio and if it is over ___ you are at risk for soft tissue calcification
70
87
What are some diseases that are associated with Calcification?
1. chronic renal failure
2. Hyperadrenocorticism
3. Johne's Dz
4. Vit. D intoxication
5. Neoplasia
88
Formationof bone at extra-skeletal site
heterotropic ossification
89
Where is heterotropic ossification common
old dog lungs and dura mater
90
T/F. heterotropic ossification is a type of metastatic calcification
F. completely separate
91
What are the 2 types of calcification of the skin?
1. calcinosis cutis
| 2. calcinosis circumscripta
92
What causes calcinosis cutis
hyperadrenocorticism or long term corticosteroid tx
93
Is calcinosis cutis metastatc of dystrophic
Neither
94
widespread mineralization of the dermal collagen and epidermal BM
Calcinosis cutis
95
Local deposit of Ca in dermis
Calcinosis circumscripta
96
Where is calcinosis circumscripta common?
over bony prominences of lg. breed dogs
97
How does ingestion of cestrum cause metastatic calcification
High levels of vit. D uptake
98
Misfolded proteins that aggregate into self propagating fibrils and beta pleated sheets
Amyloid
99
Where do amyloids deposit
in extracellular spaces
100
What does the deposition of amyloids in extracellular spaces cause?
compression atrophy of adj. cells
101
What does amyloid look like gross
Firm, waxy orgnas with rounded edges
102
What is the predilection sites for amyloid deposits
all spp: kidney, liver, spleen
Horse: skin
cat: pancrease
103
What can you tx a sample with to highlight amaloyd
iodine and sulfuric acid
104
What do amyloid look like histologically
amorphous homogenous eosinophilic extracellular material
105
What stain can you use to look at amyloid
Congo red
106
gout is an accumulation of what?
uric acid
107
Which spp. are most susceptible to gout
reptiles and birds
108
Why are reptiles and bird more susceptible to gout
no uricase
109
Gout is a consequence of what in birds and reptiles
dec. renal function and dehydration
110
Gout is a consequence of what in mammals
diet, genetic disorder, chemo
111
What does uric acid look like grossly
chalky white foci on surface of organs
112
What does uric acid look like histopathically
needle-like clear spaces
113
What is tophi
granulomatous inflam. surrounding deposit
