Exam 2: Inflammation Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Reaction of vascularized livin tissues to injury
A
Inflammation
2
Q
What are the 5 signs of swelling?
A
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
3
Q
What are the 3 roles of inflammation
A
- Dilute and isolate injury
- Destroy invading microorganisms or inactivate toxins
- achieve healing and repair
4
Q
What are the 3 outcomes of inflammation
A
- Ideal: return to normal
- Intense resp: attempt to separate injured tissue
- Failure to eliminate insult
5
Q
What are the 3 steps for inflammation can return to normal?
A
- elimination of source of injury
- resolution of inflammation
- restoration of normal physiological funct.
6
Q
What happens during an intense inflammatory response?
A
attempt to isolate inflammatory process, formation of wall (capsule)
7
Q
What happens when there is a failure to eliminate the insult?
A
persistent inflam. cells and scar formation
8
Q
T/F inflammation can only occur in living tissue
A
T
9
Q
T/F Inflammation can be more harmful to the animal than the initial stimulus
A
T
10
Q
What happens to the cells involved in inflammation once the stimulus is eliminated?
A
- mediators are broken down and dissipated
- WBCs have short lifespan in tissues
- Anti-inflam mech. are activated
11
Q
repair begins during inflam. and it is completed when ____
A
when stimuli has been neutralized
12
Q
What are the two ways damaged tissue can be replaced?
A
- regeneration of native parenchymal cells
2. scaring with fibrous tissue
13
Q
Escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitium or body cavities
A
Exudation
14
Q
Exudate is an Inflammatory extravascular fluid that has what 3 things
A
- high protein conc.
- much cellular debris
- specific gravity above 1.020
15
Q
Essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalances across the vascular endothelium
A
Transudate
16
Q
T/F. transudate has a low protein content
A
T
17
Q
T/F Transuate has a specific gravity above 1.020
A
F. below
exudate is above
18
Q
Denotes an excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities, it can be an exudate or transudate
A
Edema
19
Q
An inflammatory exudate rich in leucocytes and parenchymal cell debris
A
Pus
20
Q
What are the 2 components of a basic/simple classification of inflamm.
A
- exudate
2. duration
21
Q
What are the 4 categories of inflammation describing the duration?
A
- peracute
- acute
- subacute
- chronic
22
Q
List the 3 main characteristics of peracute inflammation
A
- caused by potent stimulus
- animal has no time to respond
- less common than acute
23
Q
what are the clinical signs of peracute inflam.
A
Shock and sudden death
24
Q
Infam that occurs in 0-4 hrs?
A
peracute inflam
25
Inflam that occurs in 4-6 hrs
Acute
26
Which cells predominate in Acute inflam
Neutrophils
27
Inflammation of lymphatic vessels
Lymphangitis
28
type of inflam. characterized by Gradual change, between acute and crhronic
Subacute
29
This term is used when the inflam. resp. does not include reparative responses such as fibroplasia and angiogenesis
Subacute inflam
30
Inflam that spans from a few days to a few weeks
Subacute
31
What cells predominate during subacute inflam
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, macropahges, plasma cells
32
Type of inflam that is often the result of a persistent inflam. stimulus in which the host has failed to completely eliminate the causative agent
Chronic
33
In chronic inflam. the inflam resp. is usually accompanied by and _____
IR
34
term for scar formation
fibrosis
35
____ inflam. is characterized by proliferation of capillaries and small blood besssels
Chronic
36
Which cells predominate in chronic inflam
```
Mononuclear inflam cells:
lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Fibroblasts
```
37
Single abnormality or inflamed area within a tissue
Focal inflammation
38
arising from or pertaining to many foci
Multifocal
39
involves a considerable zone of tissue within an inflamed organ
Locally extensive
40
Although variations in severity of the inflam. may occur, the entire tissue is involved. often viral or toxic in etiology
Diffuse
41
What are the 3 most common types of exudate?
1. Suppurative
2. Fibrinous
3. serous
42
Exudate consisting of, or containing pus, associated with the formation of pus
Suppurative/ purulent Exutation
43
A liquid inflammation product composed of dead cells, leukocytes, and fluids from edema
pus
44
What is keratitis?
Inflam of the cornea
45
T/F. pyometra in a dog is a form of severe suppurative inflam.
T
46
The process by which pus is formed
Suppuration
47
A circumscribed collection of pus
Abscess
48
T/F Abscesses are localized forms of suppurative inflammation
T
49
Suppurative lesions are oftern _viral/fungal/bacterial_ in origin
Bacterial
50
yellow-white to grey-white lesion that varies from watery to viscous
Abscess
51
What is the pathogenesis of fibrinous exudation
severe injury to endothelium and BMs results in leakage of plasma proteins (fibrinogen)
52
T/F Fibrinous exudation does not contain fibrin
F
53
What is the gross appearance of fibrinous inflammation
yellow-white, stringy, shaggy meshwork which gives a rough irregular appearance to the tissue surface
54
Is Fibrinous exudat acute or chronic?
acute, seconds
55
Term used to classify an inflammatory process in which neutrophils and fibrin are abundant
Fibrinopurulent exudate
56
T/F. fibrinous exudation is the same as fibrosis
F. Fibrinous exudate= acute process
| Fibrosis= chronic process
57
Provides the support for hte eventual ingrowht of fibroblast and neocapillaries
Fibrin
58
Inflammatory process in which the exudate occurs in tissues in the abscence of a prominent cellular response
Serous exudation
59
T/F Granulomatous inflammation can be chronic or acute
F. Always chronic
60
Inflammatory resp. characterized by the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with the predominant cell being the macrophage
Granulomatous inflammation
61
Macrophages are clustered in a characteristic elliptical formation around the causative agent , or around a central necrotic area
Granuloma
62
What often causes granulomatous inflammation
Some non-digestible organism or particle which serves as chronic inflam. stimulus
63
what type of hypersensitivity is usually associated with granulomatous inflamm.
Delayed type
64
Type of inflam where necrosis is the main feature and exudation is minimal
Necrotizing inflam.
65
Type of inflam where hemorrhage is the main feature.
Hemorrhagic
66
What is mucopurulent inflammation
exudate is composed of mucus and pus
67
What are the 2 subdivisions of inflammatory cells
1. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (granlocytes)
| 2. Mononuclear cells
68
What are the 3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes
1. neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. basophils and mast cells
69
What are the 3 types of mononuclear cells?
1. lymphocytes and plasma cells
2. Monocytes and macrophages
3. platelets
70
What are the 3 things neutrophils eliminate
1. microorganisms
2. tumor cells
3. foreign material
71
T/F neutrophils are highly motile
T
72
T/F. neutrophils are the major cellular defense system against bacteria
T
73
What are the 2 major classes of granules in neutrophils
1. Asurophil (primary) granules
| 2. specific (secondary) granules
74
Granules that are small, less dense, and more numerous
Specific granules
75
Granules that are larger, oval and electron dense
Azurophil
76
What do the neutrophils of rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, reptiles, fish and birds contain and what are they called?
Eosinophilic granules, heterophils
77
The main functions of neutrophils include ____ and secretion of ______.
Phagocytosis, pro-inflammatory substances
78
What are the 3 ways neutrophils can kill microorganisms?
1. producing O2 free radicals
2. hydrogen peroxide
3. lysosomal enzymes
79
Neutrophils mediate tissue injury via release of _____ and _____.
O2 free radicals, lysosomal enzymes
80
Neutrophils regulate the inflam. resp. via releasing chemical mediators such as ____ and ____
LEukotrienes and PAF
81
Blood cells abundant at sites of inflam. in diseases of iommunologic, parasitic, or allergic origin
Eosinophils
82
Blood cells that have unique functions as effector cells for killing elminths
Eosionophils
83
T/F. Eosinophils are smaller than neutrophils
F. larger
84
T/F Eosinophils lack lysozyme and phagocytin
T
85
What are the 3 types of granules contained in eosinophils
1. small granules
2. Primary granules
3. Large secondary granules
86
What are the 4 components of large secondary granules of eosionophils
1. Major basic protein
2. Eosinophilic cationic protein
3. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
4. Eosinophil peroxidase
87
strongly toxic granule in eosinophil that kill parasites
Major basic protein
88
Granule in eosinophils that contributes to parasite killing and also shortens coagulation time
Eosinophilic cationic protein
89
What are the 3 functions of eosinophils
1. Modulate Hypersens. rxns
2. Defence against helminthic infestations
3. phagocytic
90
These two cell types are involved in immune reactions, and are key cellular mediators of the immediate AB response
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
91
T/F macrophages are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system
T
92
Consists of closely related cells of bone marrow oragin, including blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages
Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
93
What are the 4 functions of macrophages
1. Phagocytosis
2. Modulation of inflam and repari
3. Regulation of IR
4. Production of IL-1
94
What are the 4 events of acute inflammation
1. stimuli for onset of inflam
2. vascular changes
3. cellular events
4. Termination of acute infam resp.
95
What are the 4 stimuli for inflam
1. infectious agents
2. trauma
3. Necrotic tisue
4. immune reactions
96
What is the major role of vascular changes in inflam?
maximizing movement of cells and plasma proteins
97
What are the two vascular changes during inflam?
1. inc. vascular flow and caliber of blood vessels
| 2. Inc. vascular permeability
98
Delivery of WBCs to the site of injury
Extravasation
99
What are the steps of extravasation
M RAT
1. Margination
2. Rolling
3. Activation and adhesion
4. Transmigration
100
What is LAD?
leukocyte adhesion deficiency due to leukocyte failure
101
What is the etiology fo LAD?
Type 1 mutation in Beta-1 integrins
102
c/s fo LAD?
gingivitis, tooth loss, ulcers, pneumonia
103
The process where WBCs emigrate in tissues towards the site of injury
Chemotaxis
104
T/F. chemotaxis occurs right before extravasation
F. right after
105
What are the 2 types of chemotactic agents?
1. Endogenous
| 2. Exogenous
106
Involves the accumulation of WBCs at the site of injury followed by release of enzymes by neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate injurious agents
Phagocytosis
107
What are the 3 interconnected processes of phagocytosis
1. recognition and attachment
2. engulfment
3. killing
108
What are the 3 stop signals that terminate acute inflam.
1. Switch from pro-inflam. leukotrienes to anti-inflam. lipoxins
2. Liberation of anti-inflam cytokines
3. neural impulses
