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Pathology 1 > Exam 3: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Exam 3: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 steps of the metastasic cascade?

A
  1. Clonal expansion
  2. invaBM
  3. Intravasation
  4. Interaction with lymphoid cells
  5. Tumor cell embolus
  6. Adheres to BM
  7. Extravasation
  8. Angiogenesis
  9. Growth
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2
Q

Explain Tumor Angiogenesis

A

When a tumor outgrows its blood supply New vessels form from endothelial cells. The endothelial cells prduce GF which promotes tumor growth

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3
Q

What are the 3 pathways of tumor spreading?

A
  1. Transcoelomic (seeding)
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Lymphatic
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4
Q

Seeding of body cavities and surfaces

A

Transccoelomic spread

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5
Q

T/F. Hematogenoou spread usually involves invasion of veins rather than arteries

A

t

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6
Q

Sarcomas typically involve Which pathway of spread?

A

Hematogenous

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7
Q

Mesotheliomas and ovarian adenocarcinomas typically follow wich pathway of spread?

A

Transcoelomic (seeding)

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8
Q

Carcinomas typically follow which pathway of spread

A

Lymphatic

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9
Q

What is produced by the tumor to promote blood vessel growth

A

Vascular endothelial GF

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10
Q

In lymphatic spread, When metastasis is found in the _____ you know that the neoplasia is widely systemic

A

Regional Ln.

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11
Q

If a tumor is spreading via Hematogenous or lymphatic spread, then metastases often arrest where?

A

i the first capillary bed encountered

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12
Q

If you find bone metastasis what type of tumor are you likely dealing with?

A

Prostate or mammary

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13
Q

If you have a cat with pulmonary carcinoma, where is metastasis likely?

A

Digits

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14
Q

What is a tissue that is un-permissive to metastasis

A

Skeletal m.

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15
Q

Carbohydrates and proteins expressed on tumor cell surfaces

A

Tumor Antigens

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of Tumor Antigens?

A
  1. Cellular products encoded by mutated genes
  2. Antigens derived from oncogenic viruses
  3. Embryonic antigens in primitive cells
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17
Q

What is the importance of Tumor antigens

A

Can be exploited for Dx and therapeutics

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18
Q

Immune system is capable of recognizing self-antigens expressed on tumor cells and attacking these cells

A

Immunosurveillance

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19
Q

What are the 2 cell types of the innate immune response?

A

NK cells, Macrophages

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20
Q

What are the cells involved in cell mediated IR?

A

CD8 T cells

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21
Q

What are the cells involved in Humoral IR

A

T helper and B cells

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22
Q

___ Ligand stimulates apoptosis of binding T cells

A

Fas

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23
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms used to alter DNA

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Chromosomal alterations
  3. Epigenetic changes
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24
Q

What are mutations

A

change in nucleotide sequence

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25
Q

What are epigenetic changes?

A

Heritable change in gene expression resulting from something other than change in DNA sequence

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26
Q

What are the 2 sources of Altered DNA?

A
  1. Inherited

2. Acquired somatic mutation

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27
Q

How are germline mutations passed to the offspring?

A

ova or sperm

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of cancer that may be caused by germline mutations

A
  1. pediatric cancer
  2. Familial predispositions
  3. Individuals with more than 1 type of cancer
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29
Q

Bernese mountain dogs are susceptible to what type of cancer?

A
  1. Malignant histiocytosis
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30
Q

German shepherds are susceptible to what type of cancer?

A

Hemangiosarcoma

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31
Q

Boxers and lg. breed dogs are susceptible to what type of cancer?

A

Osteosarcoma

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32
Q

Occur in individual cells and their progeny, not passed in germline

A

Acquired somatic mutations

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33
Q

What are the 4 causes of DNA alteration?

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Chemical Carcinogens
  3. Ionizing radiation
  4. Oncogenic viruses
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34
Q

What are the two types of radiation

A
  1. ionizing

2. Ultraviolet

35
Q

Examples of ionizing radiation

A

x-rays, gamma rays

36
Q

type of radiation with enough energy to eject electrons from molecules

A

Ionizing

37
Q

What is the result of ionizing radiation?

A

DNA strand breakage

38
Q

What is the most damaging type of UV?

A

UVB

39
Q

Type of radiation that forms pyrimidine dimers in DNA which overwhelms the nucleotide excision repair pathway

A

UV radiation

40
Q

examples of chemical carcinogens

A

Bracken fern
Aflotoxin
Cigarette smoke

41
Q

What is the MOA of chemical carcinogens?

A

metabolically transformed to become active, usually associated with other cancer predisposing mutations

42
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of Chemical carcinogens

A
  1. Genotoxic
  2. Cytotoxic
  3. Mitogenic
43
Q

Mech. of Chemical carcinogens that inc. cell proliferation due to cell injury

A

Cytotoxic

44
Q

Mech of chemical carcinogens that inc. cell proliferation w/o cell injury

A

Mitogenic

45
Q

Mech of chemical carcinogens that directly damages DNA

A

Genotoxic

46
Q

Oncogenic viruses frequently affect young/old animals?

A

young

47
Q

What are the 3 ways oncogenic viruses interrupt host genes?

A
  1. oncogenes
  2. insertiona mutagenesis
  3. Immunosuppression
48
Q

What are the other 2 causes of carcinogenesis

A
  1. Hormonal

2. Chronic inflammation

49
Q

What are the 2 mech. of host damage?

A
  1. Direct effects

2. Paraneoplastic syndromes

50
Q

Tumor necrosis is secondary to what 3 things?

A

inflammation in tumor
trauma of tumor
tumor out grows blood supply

51
Q

What is cancer cachexia

A

many animals with cancer will show wt loss and debilitation

52
Q

What are the cellular contributing factors to cancer cachexia

A 
TNF
IL-1
IL-6
IFN-gamma
Prostaglanding
PIF
53
Q

T/F. you can fix cancer cachexia with nutrition supplementation

A

F

54
Q

What is the obvious consequence of neoplasms of endocrine organs?

A

under-produce or over-produce hormones

55
Q

Ex of Endocrinopathies

A

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

56
Q

What is hypertrophic osteopathy

A

Occurs in dogs and cats

associated with space-occupying thoracic mass

57
Q

How are cytologic Dx usually performed?

A

aspirate of mass

58
Q

Why is cytologic Dx a better choice than histology?

A
  1. faster
  2. cheaper
  3. less invasive
59
Q

T/F. Cytologic Dx cannot determine benign vs. malignant

A

F. can help

60
Q

What do you do to confirm your cytologic Dx

A

Histopathology

61
Q

Subset of mesencymal neoplasms that appear round on cytology

A

Round cell tumors

62
Q

What are the what are the 5 diff. types of round cell tumors?

A
  1. Plasma Cell tumor
  2. Histiocytoma
  3. Mast cell tumor
  4. Lymphoma
  5. Transmissible venereal tumor
63
Q

how do you perform a margin assessment?

A

delineate surgical margins with ink

64
Q

What are the 2 pathologic findings when looking at margins

A

clean vs. dirty

based on presence or absence of tumor cells

65
Q

T/F. clean margins guarantee complete excision

A

F

66
Q

For histopathologic Dx, Biopsies are sampled from a tumor and stained with ___ for histopathologic eval.

A

HE

67
Q

What are the 2 types of histopathologic dx?

A
  1. Incisional

2. Excision

68
Q

What is Incisional histopathologic dx?

A

Dx may effect surgical or medical plan

69
Q

What is excisional histopathologic Dx?

A

If the Dx will not affect surgical or medical plan

70
Q

What are the 4 criteria of malignancy

A
  1. Degree of differentiation
  2. Invasion
  3. Mitotic rate
  4. Features of anaplasia (pleomorphism)
71
Q

What special stain is used to stain mast cell tumors?

A

Granules stain with toluene blue

72
Q

Assigned by the pathologist to designate how abnormal the neoplastic cells are

A

Histopathologic grading

73
Q

What is the purpose of histopathologic grading?

A

To predict biologic behavior of neoplasm and inform treatment plan

74
Q

Histopathologic grading scheme depends on tumor type and may use what 4 things?

A
  1. Degree of differentiation
  2. Miitotic rate
  3. Amt. of necrosis
  4. Invasiveness
75
Q

T/F. Histopathologic grading is the same as staging

A

F

76
Q

Uses dye-labelled abs. to detect various proteins expressed on neoplasm

A

Immunohistochemistry

77
Q

When is immunohistochemistry used

A

to improve accuracy of dx in poorly differentiated neoplasms

78
Q

What type of cancer cells produce vimentin

A

Sarcomas

79
Q

What type of cancer cells produce Cytokeratin

A

Carcinomas

80
Q

Originated from the expansion of a single transformed cell

A

Clonal

81
Q

What type of cancer uses commonly uses clonality assays to detect?

A

lymphoma

82
Q

Gives indication of etent of tumor growth and spread

A

Clinical staging

83
Q

What 4 things are commonly used in clinical staging of tumors?

A
  1. size of primary tumor
  2. depth of invasion
  3. involvement of regional ln
  4. Extent of distant metastasis

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

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