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Pathology 1 > Exam 3: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Exam 3: Neoplasia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 steps of the metastasic cascade?

A
  1. Clonal expansion
  2. invaBM
  3. Intravasation
  4. Interaction with lymphoid cells
  5. Tumor cell embolus
  6. Adheres to BM
  7. Extravasation
  8. Angiogenesis
  9. Growth
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2
Q

Explain Tumor Angiogenesis

A

When a tumor outgrows its blood supply New vessels form from endothelial cells. The endothelial cells prduce GF which promotes tumor growth

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3
Q

What are the 3 pathways of tumor spreading?

A
  1. Transcoelomic (seeding)
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Lymphatic
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4
Q

Seeding of body cavities and surfaces

A

Transccoelomic spread

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5
Q

T/F. Hematogenoou spread usually involves invasion of veins rather than arteries

A

t

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6
Q

Sarcomas typically involve Which pathway of spread?

A

Hematogenous

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7
Q

Mesotheliomas and ovarian adenocarcinomas typically follow wich pathway of spread?

A

Transcoelomic (seeding)

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8
Q

Carcinomas typically follow which pathway of spread

A

Lymphatic

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9
Q

What is produced by the tumor to promote blood vessel growth

A

Vascular endothelial GF

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10
Q

In lymphatic spread, When metastasis is found in the _____ you know that the neoplasia is widely systemic

A

Regional Ln.

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11
Q

If a tumor is spreading via Hematogenous or lymphatic spread, then metastases often arrest where?

A

i the first capillary bed encountered

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12
Q

If you find bone metastasis what type of tumor are you likely dealing with?

A

Prostate or mammary

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13
Q

If you have a cat with pulmonary carcinoma, where is metastasis likely?

A

Digits

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14
Q

What is a tissue that is un-permissive to metastasis

A

Skeletal m.

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15
Q

Carbohydrates and proteins expressed on tumor cell surfaces

A

Tumor Antigens

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of Tumor Antigens?

A
  1. Cellular products encoded by mutated genes
  2. Antigens derived from oncogenic viruses
  3. Embryonic antigens in primitive cells
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17
Q

What is the importance of Tumor antigens

A

Can be exploited for Dx and therapeutics

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18
Q

Immune system is capable of recognizing self-antigens expressed on tumor cells and attacking these cells

A

Immunosurveillance

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19
Q

What are the 2 cell types of the innate immune response?

A

NK cells, Macrophages

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20
Q

What are the cells involved in cell mediated IR?

A

CD8 T cells

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21
Q

What are the cells involved in Humoral IR

A

T helper and B cells

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22
Q

___ Ligand stimulates apoptosis of binding T cells

A

Fas

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23
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms used to alter DNA

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Chromosomal alterations
  3. Epigenetic changes
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24
Q

What are mutations

A

change in nucleotide sequence

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25
What are epigenetic changes?
Heritable change in gene expression resulting from something other than change in DNA sequence
26
What are the 2 sources of Altered DNA?
1. Inherited | 2. Acquired somatic mutation
27
How are germline mutations passed to the offspring?
ova or sperm
28
What are the 3 types of cancer that may be caused by germline mutations
1. pediatric cancer 2. Familial predispositions 3. Individuals with more than 1 type of cancer
29
Bernese mountain dogs are susceptible to what type of cancer?
1. Malignant histiocytosis
30
German shepherds are susceptible to what type of cancer?
Hemangiosarcoma
31
Boxers and lg. breed dogs are susceptible to what type of cancer?
Osteosarcoma
32
Occur in individual cells and their progeny, not passed in germline
Acquired somatic mutations
33
What are the 4 causes of DNA alteration?
1. Spontaneous 2. Chemical Carcinogens 3. Ionizing radiation 4. Oncogenic viruses
34
What are the two types of radiation
1. ionizing | 2. Ultraviolet
35
Examples of ionizing radiation
x-rays, gamma rays
36
type of radiation with enough energy to eject electrons from molecules
Ionizing
37
What is the result of ionizing radiation?
DNA strand breakage
38
What is the most damaging type of UV?
UVB
39
Type of radiation that forms pyrimidine dimers in DNA which overwhelms the nucleotide excision repair pathway
UV radiation
40
examples of chemical carcinogens
Bracken fern Aflotoxin Cigarette smoke
41
What is the MOA of chemical carcinogens?
metabolically transformed to become active, usually associated with other cancer predisposing mutations
42
What are the 3 mechanisms of Chemical carcinogens
1. Genotoxic 2. Cytotoxic 3. Mitogenic
43
Mech. of Chemical carcinogens that inc. cell proliferation due to cell injury
Cytotoxic
44
Mech of chemical carcinogens that inc. cell proliferation w/o cell injury
Mitogenic
45
Mech of chemical carcinogens that directly damages DNA
Genotoxic
46
Oncogenic viruses frequently affect _young/old_ animals?
young
47
What are the 3 ways oncogenic viruses interrupt host genes?
1. oncogenes 2. insertiona mutagenesis 3. Immunosuppression
48
What are the other 2 causes of carcinogenesis
1. Hormonal | 2. Chronic inflammation
49
What are the 2 mech. of host damage?
1. Direct effects | 2. Paraneoplastic syndromes
50
Tumor necrosis is secondary to what 3 things?
inflammation in tumor trauma of tumor tumor out grows blood supply
51
What is cancer cachexia
many animals with cancer will show wt loss and debilitation
52
What are the cellular contributing factors to cancer cachexia
``` TNF IL-1 IL-6 IFN-gamma Prostaglanding PIF ```
53
T/F. you can fix cancer cachexia with nutrition supplementation
F
54
What is the obvious consequence of neoplasms of endocrine organs?
under-produce or over-produce hormones
55
Ex of Endocrinopathies
Hypercalcemia of malignancy
56
What is hypertrophic osteopathy
Occurs in dogs and cats associated with space-occupying thoracic mass
57
How are cytologic Dx usually performed?
aspirate of mass
58
Why is cytologic Dx a better choice than histology?
1. faster 2. cheaper 3. less invasive
59
T/F. Cytologic Dx cannot determine benign vs. malignant
F. can help
60
What do you do to confirm your cytologic Dx
Histopathology
61
Subset of mesencymal neoplasms that appear round on cytology
Round cell tumors
62
What are the what are the 5 diff. types of round cell tumors?
1. Plasma Cell tumor 2. Histiocytoma 3. Mast cell tumor 4. Lymphoma 5. Transmissible venereal tumor
63
how do you perform a margin assessment?
delineate surgical margins with ink
64
What are the 2 pathologic findings when looking at margins
clean vs. dirty based on presence or absence of tumor cells
65
T/F. clean margins guarantee complete excision
F
66
For histopathologic Dx, Biopsies are sampled from a tumor and stained with ___ for histopathologic eval.
HE
67
What are the 2 types of histopathologic dx?
1. Incisional | 2. Excision
68
What is Incisional histopathologic dx?
Dx may effect surgical or medical plan
69
What is excisional histopathologic Dx?
If the Dx will not affect surgical or medical plan
70
What are the 4 criteria of malignancy
1. Degree of differentiation 2. Invasion 3. Mitotic rate 4. Features of anaplasia (pleomorphism)
71
What special stain is used to stain mast cell tumors?
Granules stain with toluene blue
72
Assigned by the pathologist to designate how abnormal the neoplastic cells are
Histopathologic grading
73
What is the purpose of histopathologic grading?
To predict biologic behavior of neoplasm and inform treatment plan
74
Histopathologic grading scheme depends on tumor type and may use what 4 things?
1. Degree of differentiation 2. Miitotic rate 3. Amt. of necrosis 4. Invasiveness
75
T/F. Histopathologic grading is the same as staging
F
76
Uses dye-labelled abs. to detect various proteins expressed on neoplasm
Immunohistochemistry
77
When is immunohistochemistry used
to improve accuracy of dx in poorly differentiated neoplasms
78
What type of cancer cells produce vimentin
Sarcomas
79
What type of cancer cells produce Cytokeratin
Carcinomas
80
Originated from the expansion of a single transformed cell
Clonal
81
What type of cancer uses commonly uses clonality assays to detect?
lymphoma
82
Gives indication of etent of tumor growth and spread
Clinical staging
83
What 4 things are commonly used in clinical staging of tumors?
1. size of primary tumor 2. depth of invasion 3. involvement of regional ln 4. Extent of distant metastasis

Pathology 1 (19 decks)

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