exam 1 lecture 1 + 2 Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

___ is the study of normal function

physiology

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what are some necessary functions for life?

reproduction

metabolism/waste removal

movement

growth

detect and respond to changes in the environment

boundaries (cell membranes)

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what factors are necessary for survival

normal body temperature

water

normal atmospheric pressure

nutrients

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what are some basic concepts that are shared throughout the organization of the body

diffusion

cell communication/ signaling

enzymatic principles

homeostasis

energy requirements are similar

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example of an organ that works for several organ system

liver

heart

kidney

endocrine

ect.

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where is external environment found in the body?

GI tract

lungs

urinary and reproductive tracts

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body fluids are compartmentalized by barriers which are ___

selectively permeable

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another name for extracellular fluid

milieu interieur

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what makes up the extracellular fluid

plasma and interstitial fluid

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what % of body weight is water?

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total body water can be broken into what two things?

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

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____ is subdivided into plasma and interstitial fluid

extracellular fluid

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intracellular or extracellular has more fluids?

intracellular (⅔)

extracellular (⅓)

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some function of plasma membrane between ICF and ECF

obtain O2 and nutrients

getting rid of waste products

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why is there a change in concentration of solutes from ICF to ECF

creates concentration gradient= potential energy

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example of nonpolar molecules that are easily transported across the plasma membrane

gases (O₂ and CO₂ )and fatty acids

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examples of ions and polar molecules that are not easily transported across the plasma membrane

glucose

proteins

Na⁺

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how do substances move across the plasma membrane

active transport (requires energy)

channels

diffusion

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___ is a state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables of the internal environment

homeostasis

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what organ system does not serve a primary purpose of maintaining homeostasis?

reproductive

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goal of homeostasis is to keep parameters at the ___ in ever changing conditions

set point

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how does homeostasis work?

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what is a set point

ideal range

can change depending on what is happening in the body

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___ is a detected change results in a response in the opposite direction of the original change

negative feedback

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\_\_\_ is a detected change results in a response in the same direction

positive feedback

blood glucose level is an example of which feedback?

negative drop in glucose causes increase in glucose high glucose leads to storage of glucose

parturition is an example of what type of feedback?

positive

how does parturition trigger positive feedback

stretch→ oxytocin → more stretch → more oxytocin ect.

explain feed forward regulation of homeostasis

anticipates change in regulated variables aims to allow for a faster response to challenge and a quicker return to homeostasis Pavlov Dog

torpor is an example of changing/resetting the \_\_\_

set point multiple systems usually control a single parameter -fail safe in the event that one regulatory system is not functioning

aestivation

hibernation when it is too hot

three types of muscle

skeletal smooth cardiac

the somatic nervous system innervates the

skeletal muscles

these kinds of muscles are innervated by the autonomic nervous system

smooth and cardiac

muscle breakdown

epimysium → whole muscle perimysium → fascicle endomysium → muscle fiber/cell myofibril

what makes muscle fiber/cell special

multinucleated composed of myofibrils which are the contractile proteins of the cell

what is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

contains **calcium** needed for muscle/sarcomere contraction

Triad in skeletal muscle is made of

T tubule sarcoplasmic reticulum

satellite cells in skeletal muscle

stem cells : live on outside of muscle cell

what is the make up of skeletal muscle

–Water (55-78%) Proteins (15-23%)- Sarcoplasmic proteins (30-35% of total protein)•Stroma proteins (10-15% of total protein)•Myofibrillar proteins (52-56% of total protein) Lipids (1-20%) Carbohydrates (1-2%) Other (ash, nucleic acid, soluble organic compounds) (\<3%)

what does the Z line do

anchors thin filaments (actin) consists of alpha-actinin and Cap Z

what links myosin together?

M line consists of M protein, myomesin and creatine kinase

I band

mostly thin filaments

A band

thick and thin filaments

H zone

no thin filaments

the Z line is made of

alpha actinin and CapZ

M line is made of \_\_\_

M protein, myomesin and creatine kinase

structure of myosin

two heavy chains 4 light chains

the heavy chains of myosin is made of

–N-terminal residues of the heavy chain form a globular domain –ATP and actin bind on opposite sides

The light chains of myosin is made of

–RLC: regulatory light chain –ELC: essential light chain

in myosin each heavy chain gets how many light chains?

two

Myosin II has the ability to split \_\_\_and release energy

ATP

how does myosin II form

heavy chains dimerize at the tail and then form together

what are two other proteins found in Myosin II other then heavy chains and light chains

protein C myomesin

how does actin form

G actin will bind into strands/filaments → F actin will dimerize into double helical actin strands → troponin complex and tropomyosin keeps every thing in place

–Monomeric actin (\_\_-actin) has 1 polypeptide chain

–G-actin polymerizes to form filaments (\_\_\_-actin)

\_\_\_ ends = plus end on actin filaments

barbed

pointed ends = ___ end actin filaments

minus

where will G-actin (monomeric actin) associate and dissociate when in filaments?

from the ends

caping protein for actin

tropomodulin

\_\_\_ regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the pointed ends

tropomodulin

\_\_\_ has binding sites for troponin

tropomyosin

CapZ

capping protein on actin that prevents growth or shrinking from the Z disc (barbed end) –Regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the barbed ends

two capping proteins of actin

CapZ (barbed end) Tropomodulin (pointed end)

make up of troponin

3 proteins **•****Troponin-T:** binds tropomyosin **•****Troponin-I:** binds troponin-T and troponin-C, and actin in the absence of Ca²⁺ •**Troponin-C:** binds Ca²⁺

•Troponin-T: binds \_\_\_\_

tropomyosin

•Troponin-I: binds \_\_\_\_

troponin-T and troponin-C, and actin in the absence of Ca²⁺ **inhibits cross linking**

troponin C binds to \_\_\_

calcium

binding of ___ to troponin complex is critical for crossbridging

calcium

\_\_\_ regulates actin polymerization and depolymerization at the barbed ends of actin

cap Z