Test 4: lecture 1 repo

Question 1

semelparous

Answer 1

dies after mating (salmon)

Question 2

___ animals can reproduce multiple times throughout life

Answer 2

iteroparous

Question 3

gonads in males and females

Answer 3

male→ testis, spermatozoa

female → ovary , oocytes

Question 4

prototheria

Answer 4

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs (platypus)

Question 5

theria

Answer 5

subclasses of mammals that give birth to live young

metatheria (marsupials)

eutheria (placental)

Question 6

___ is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of LH and FSH

Answer 6

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 7

gonadoptropins

Answer 7

released by the anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 8

LH and FSH will trigger the production of ___

Answer 8

Sex hormones:

estrogen

testosterone

progesterone

Question 9

surge centers lead to ___

Answer 9

GnRH that tigger the release of LH

Question 10

tonic centers will lead to the production of ___

Answer 10

GnRH that triggers the release of FSH

(slow frequency)

Question 11

FSH in female binds to ___ cells, promotes follicular ____ and promotes differentiation of ___ cells

Answer 11

granulosa

development and oogenesis

theca

Question 12

FSH in the male binds to ___ cells, and is required for the completion of ___

Answer 12

sertoli

meiosis

Question 13

LH in females binds to the ___ cells and LH surge promotes ___

Answer 13

theca and luteal cells

ovulation

Question 14

LH in males binds to ___ cells and stimulates ____production.

Answer 14

leydig

testosterone

Question 15

where is estrogen produced

Answer 15

granulosa cells, placenta ect.

Question 16

___ is produced by sertoli cells and inhibits spermatogenesis

Answer 16

estrogen

Question 17

estrogen increases ___ receptors in the uterus

Answer 17

progesterone

Question 18

progesterone is produced by ___

Answer 18

luteal cells and placenta

Question 19

___ promotes gestation and behavior during diestrus

Answer 19

progesterone

will help increase cervical tone, make mucous thicker so sperm and bacteria can’t get in, decrease immune response in the uterus so that the fetus is not attacked

Question 20

___ enhances development of secondary female sex characteristics

Answer 20

estrogen

Question 21

___ drives the development of the mammillary gland

Answer 21

progesterone

Question 22

Leydig cells and adrenal gland produce ___

Answer 22

testosterone

Question 23

___ promotes development of internal genitalia and secondary sex characteristics in males

Answer 23

testosterone

Question 24

testosterone is essential for ___ and sperm maturation

Answer 24

spermatogenesis

Question 25

\_\_\_ is made from testosterone and helps with the development of external genitalia development

Answer 25

DHT dihydrotestosterone

Question 26

Steroids are \_\_\_\_, therefore they cannot easily travel through the blood unless bound to proteins

Answer 26

hydrophobic

Question 27

3 common binding proteins for steroid hormones are

Answer 27

**Albumin** • Binds non-specifically with low affinity **Corticosteroid binding globulin** • Binds glucocorticoids and progesterone with high affinity **Sex hormone binding globulin** • Binds steroids with high affinity DHT \> T4 \> androstenediol \> estradiol \> estrone • When produced in the testes: AKA androgen binding protein

Question 28

\_\_\_ binds to glucocorticoids and progesterone with high affinity

Answer 28

Corticosteroid binding globulin

Question 29

what is the order that sex hormone binding globulin will bind

Answer 29

DHT \> Testosterone \> androstenediol \> estradiol \> estrone

Question 30

\_\_\_ suppresses FSH release and is made by \_\_\_

Answer 30

inhibin and follistatin Synthesized by granulosa (female) and Sertoli (male) cells

Question 31

\_\_\_\_ promotes FSH release and is made by

Answer 31

activin Synthesized by granulosa (female) and Sertoli (male) cells

Question 32

Promotes luteolysis in some animals

Answer 32

Prostaglandin-F_2α (PGF_2α)

Question 33

\_\_\_ causes cervical ripening prior to parturition

Answer 33

Prostaglandin E2

Question 34

diagram of FSH and LH on sex hormones

Answer 34

Question 35

Melatonin is released by the ___ gland and is involved with the circadian clock and alters the activity of ___ release

Answer 35

pineal GnRH (seasonally mating)

Question 36

prolactin is made by ___ in the \_\_\_

Answer 36

lactotropes anterior pituitary

Question 37

prolactin supports the ___ in some species and helps with mammary growth and \_\_\_

Answer 37

CL lactation and maternal behavior

Question 38

oxytocin is made by ___ and is associated with \_\_\_\_

Answer 38

hypothalamus → released in the posterior pituitary uterine contractions, milk let-down (crying makes milk leak), bonding (males and females)

Question 39

\_\_\_ prepares the pubic symphysis and cervix for parturition. It is made by \_\_

Answer 39

relaxin made by the CL, endometrium and placenta

Question 40

\_\_\_ come from sex cords along the genital ridge

Answer 40

Follicle cells

Question 41

Cells to become theca cells come from the \_\_\_

Answer 41

mesenchyme

Question 42

Sertoli cells develop from cells in the sex cords of \_\_\_\_

Answer 42

genital ridge

Question 43

Leydig cells come from the \_\_\_

Answer 43

mesenchyme

Question 44

what are two things that can influence sex determination

Answer 44

environment → alligators change sex based on temp chromosomes → SRY you are a boy

Question 45

SRY

Answer 45

Sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY) (AKA testis determining factor) • Expressed in Sertoli cell precursors • Transcription factor responsible for the formation of testes • Activates SOX9 SRY → ⇡sox9 → testes

Question 46

what genes are important for ovary development

Answer 46

NO SRY Mechanism involves WNT4, RSPO1, and FOXL2

Question 47

will a female have a wolffian duct or a mullerian duct?

Answer 47

mullerian

Question 48

jost's experiments: what happens if you remove the testis? what happen if you graph a testis into a female? what happens if you add testosterone into a female?

Answer 48

wolffian duct degrades → female mullerian duct degrades, wolffian duct persists → male one side both wolffian and mullerian duct survive **testis needed to make male**

Question 49

the loss of the wolffian duct means \_\_\_

Answer 49

phenotypic female also the ovaries have no direct connection to the tubes that is why oocyte is released into peritoneal space and has to be picked up by the fimbriae into the tubes

Question 50

\_\_\_ causes the regression of mullerian duct and is made by the \_\_\_

Answer 50

mullerian- inhibiting factor testes Androgens promote further development of the Wolffian ducts into the male reproductive tract • DHT is critical for development of the external genitalia (thanks, 5α- reductase!- enzyme from T4→ DHT)

Question 51

what enzyme is needed to change testosterone into DHT

Answer 51

5α- reductase

Question 52

\_\_\_ is important for the development of the wolffian duct \_\_\_ is important for the development of the male external genitalia

Answer 52

testosterone DHT

Question 53

sexual differentiation of the brain

Answer 53

Testosterone is converted into estrogen in brain, resulting in an inactivation of the surge center of brain **no surge center** = turns off GnRH that tigger the release of LH = **no LH**

Question 54

why is surge center not turned off in a female?

Answer 54

alpha fetal binding protein binds to estrogen and prevents estrogen from going to the brain and turning of the surge center

Question 55

In the presence of androgens: \_\_\_internal and external genitalia

Answer 55

male

Question 56

Sexual \_\_\_results when chromosomal, gonadal, and/or phenotypic sex do not match

Answer 56

dysgenesis now called disorders of sex development (DSDs)

Question 57

XXY

Answer 57

(Klinefelter’s syndrome) • Gonads: testes * External genitalia: male * Males have low fertility but appear otherwise male

Question 58

true hermaphroditism

Answer 58

Individuals have both ovarian and testicular tissue • Genital ducts and external genitalia vary phenotypically * Can occur due to: * Sex chromosome mosaicism * Chimerism

Question 59

Female Pseudohermaphroditism

Answer 59

A discordance between gonadal and phenotypic sex Female pseudohermaphroditism results in ovaries and female genital ducts, with masculinization of the external genitalia

Question 60

female pseudohermaphroditism ## Footnote Q: How could this be? Q: Why would this individual have female genital ducts?

Answer 60

XX: ovaries and female genital duct → male external decrease in 21-hydroxylase that takes progesterone → minearlcorticoids kidneys producing more androgens → this means there is an increase in T4 → DHT (which results in male external genitalia) there was **no AMH** because there is no testes

Question 61

male pseudohermaphroditism Q: How could this be? Q: Why could these individuals have regression of Müllerian ducts, and underdeveloped Wolffian ducts?

Answer 61

Male pseudohermaphroditism results in testes without complete masculinization of the genital ducts and/or external genitalia - decreased DHT production = no external genitalia - androgen insensitivity - testes not making androgens