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22 spring: Physiology > Test 4: lecture 1 repo > Flashcards

Test 4: lecture 1 repo Flashcards

1
Q

semelparous

A

dies after mating (salmon)

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2
Q

___ animals can reproduce multiple times throughout life

A

iteroparous

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3
Q

gonads in males and females

A

male→ testis, spermatozoa

female → ovary , oocytes

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4
Q

prototheria

A

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs (platypus)

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5
Q

theria

A

subclasses of mammals that give birth to live young

metatheria (marsupials)

eutheria (placental)

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6
Q

___ is released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of LH and FSH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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7
Q

gonadoptropins

A

released by the anterior pituitary

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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8
Q

LH and FSH will trigger the production of ___

A

Sex hormones:

estrogen

testosterone

progesterone

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9
Q

surge centers lead to ___

A

GnRH that tigger the release of LH

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10
Q

tonic centers will lead to the production of ___

A

GnRH that triggers the release of FSH

(slow frequency)

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11
Q

FSH in female binds to ___ cells, promotes follicular ____ and promotes differentiation of ___ cells

A

granulosa

development and oogenesis

theca

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12
Q

FSH in the male binds to ___ cells, and is required for the completion of ___

A

sertoli

meiosis

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13
Q

LH in females binds to the ___ cells and LH surge promotes ___

A

theca and luteal cells

ovulation

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14
Q

LH in males binds to ___ cells and stimulates ____production.

A

leydig

testosterone

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15
Q

where is estrogen produced

A

granulosa cells, placenta ect.

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16
Q

___ is produced by sertoli cells and inhibits spermatogenesis

A

estrogen

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17
Q

estrogen increases ___ receptors in the uterus

A

progesterone

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18
Q

progesterone is produced by ___

A

luteal cells and placenta

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19
Q

___ promotes gestation and behavior during diestrus

A

progesterone

will help increase cervical tone, make mucous thicker so sperm and bacteria can’t get in, decrease immune response in the uterus so that the fetus is not attacked

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20
Q

___ enhances development of secondary female sex characteristics

A

estrogen

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21
Q

___ drives the development of the mammillary gland

A

progesterone

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22
Q

Leydig cells and adrenal gland produce ___

A

testosterone

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23
Q

___ promotes development of internal genitalia and secondary sex characteristics in males

A

testosterone

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24
Q

testosterone is essential for ___ and sperm maturation

A

spermatogenesis

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25
Q

___ is made from testosterone and helps with the development of external genitalia development

A

DHT

dihydrotestosterone

26
Q

Steroids are ____, therefore they cannot easily travel through the blood unless bound to proteins

A

hydrophobic

27
Q

3 common binding proteins for steroid hormones are

A

Albumin
• Binds non-specifically with low affinity

Corticosteroid binding globulin
• Binds glucocorticoids and progesterone with high affinity

Sex hormone binding globulin
• Binds steroids with high affinity

DHT > T4 > androstenediol > estradiol > estrone
• When produced in the testes: AKA androgen binding protein

28
Q

___ binds to glucocorticoids and progesterone with high affinity

A

Corticosteroid binding globulin

29
Q

what is the order that sex hormone binding globulin will bind

A

DHT > Testosterone > androstenediol > estradiol > estrone

30
Q

___ suppresses FSH release and is made by ___

A

inhibin and follistatin

Synthesized by granulosa (female) and Sertoli (male) cells

31
Q

____ promotes FSH release and is made by

A

activin

Synthesized by granulosa (female) and Sertoli (male) cells

32
Q

Promotes luteolysis in some animals

A

Prostaglandin-F2α (PGF2α)

33
Q

___ causes cervical ripening prior to parturition

A

Prostaglandin E2

34
Q

diagram of FSH and LH on sex hormones

A
35
Q

Melatonin is released by the ___ gland and is involved with the circadian clock and alters the activity of ___ release

A

pineal

GnRH (seasonally mating)

36
Q

prolactin is made by ___ in the ___

A

lactotropes

anterior pituitary

37
Q

prolactin supports the ___ in some species and helps with mammary growth and ___

A

CL

lactation and maternal behavior

38
Q

oxytocin is made by ___ and is associated with ____

A

hypothalamus → released in the posterior pituitary

uterine contractions, milk let-down (crying makes milk leak), bonding (males and females)

39
Q

___ prepares the pubic symphysis and cervix for parturition. It is made by __

A

relaxin

made by the CL, endometrium and placenta

40
Q

___ come from sex cords along the genital ridge

A

Follicle cells

41
Q

Cells to become theca cells come from the ___

A

mesenchyme

42
Q

Sertoli cells develop from cells in the sex cords of ____

A

genital ridge

43
Q

Leydig cells come from the ___

A

mesenchyme

44
Q

what are two things that can influence sex determination

A

environment → alligators change sex based on temp

chromosomes → SRY you are a boy

45
Q

SRY

A

Sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY) (AKA testis determining factor)
• Expressed in Sertoli cell precursors

• Transcription factor responsible for the formation of testes

• Activates SOX9
SRY → ⇡sox9 → testes

46
Q

what genes are important for ovary development

A

NO SRY

Mechanism involves WNT4, RSPO1, and FOXL2

47
Q

will a female have a wolffian duct or a mullerian duct?

A

mullerian

48
Q

jost’s experiments:

what happens if you remove the testis?

what happen if you graph a testis into a female?

what happens if you add testosterone into a female?

A

wolffian duct degrades → female

mullerian duct degrades, wolffian duct persists → male one side

both wolffian and mullerian duct survive

testis needed to make male

49
Q

the loss of the wolffian duct means ___

A

phenotypic female

also the ovaries have no direct connection to the tubes

that is why oocyte is released into peritoneal space and has to be picked up by the fimbriae into the tubes

50
Q

___ causes the regression of mullerian duct and is made by the ___

A

mullerian- inhibiting factor

testes

Androgens promote further development of the Wolffian ducts into
the male reproductive tract

• DHT is critical for development of the external genitalia (thanks, 5α-
reductase!- enzyme from T4→ DHT)

51
Q

what enzyme is needed to change testosterone into DHT

A

5α- reductase

52
Q

___ is important for the development of the wolffian duct

___ is important for the development of the male external genitalia

A

testosterone

DHT

53
Q

sexual differentiation of the brain

A

Testosterone is converted into estrogen in brain, resulting in an inactivation of the surge center of brain

no surge center = turns off GnRH that tigger the release of LH = no LH

54
Q

why is surge center not turned off in a female?

A

alpha fetal binding protein binds to estrogen and prevents estrogen from going to the brain and turning of the surge center

55
Q

In the presence of androgens: ___internal and external genitalia

A

male

56
Q

Sexual ___results when chromosomal, gonadal, and/or phenotypic sex do not match

A

dysgenesis

now called disorders of sex development (DSDs)

57
Q

XXY

A

(Klinefelter’s syndrome)
• Gonads: testes

  • External genitalia: male
  • Males have low fertility but appear otherwise male
58
Q

true hermaphroditism

A

Individuals have both ovarian and testicular tissue

• Genital ducts and external genitalia vary phenotypically

  • Can occur due to:
  • Sex chromosome mosaicism
  • Chimerism
59
Q

Female Pseudohermaphroditism

A

A discordance between gonadal and phenotypic sex

Female pseudohermaphroditism results in ovaries and female genital ducts, with masculinization of the external genitalia

60
Q

female pseudohermaphroditism

Q: How could this be?

Q: Why would this individual have female genital ducts?

A

XX: ovaries and female genital duct → male external

decrease in 21-hydroxylase that takes progesterone → minearlcorticoids

kidneys producing more androgens → this means there is an increase in T4 → DHT (which results in male external genitalia)

there was no AMH because there is no testes

61
Q

male pseudohermaphroditism

Q: How could this be?

Q: Why could these individuals have regression of Müllerian ducts, and underdeveloped Wolffian ducts?

A

Male pseudohermaphroditism results in testes without complete masculinization of the genital ducts and/or external genitalia

  • decreased DHT production = no external genitalia
  • androgen insensitivity
  • testes not making androgens

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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