Test 4: lecture 6 pregnancy Flashcards

(66 cards)

1
Q

Monotocous

A

1 offspring at birth

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2
Q

Multiparous

A

> 1 pregnancy and parturition

> 1 offspring at birth (litter)

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3
Q

Nulliparous

A

never pregnant

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4
Q

pluriparous

A

> 1 pregnancy and parturition

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5
Q

polytocous

A

litter bearers

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6
Q

first pregnancy

A

primiparous

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7
Q

uniparous

A

1 pregnancy and parturition
1 offspring at birth

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8
Q

viviparous

A

offspring delivered alive

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9
Q

organogensis

A

very early in pregnancy from embryo→ fetus

ewe 12-34 days

cow 12-45 days

mare 12-60 days

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10
Q

gestation length for cow

A

280

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11
Q

gestation length for mare

A

340

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12
Q

gestation length for ewe

A

146

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13
Q

gestation length for doe

A

146

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14
Q

sow gestation length

A

114

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15
Q

bitch gestation length

A

63

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16
Q

queen gestation length

A

63

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17
Q

parts of the oviduct

A

infundibulum

ampulla (where fertilization takes place)

isthmus

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18
Q

2 cell embryo

A

blastomere

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19
Q

stage of division of embryo

A

zygote

blastomere (2 Cell)

4-8 morula

blastocyst (fluid cavity and tight junctions on periphery(trophoblast), gap junctions internal cells (ICM))

hatching from ZP and implantation

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20
Q

what happens to hatched blastocyst in sheep cattle and pigs

A

elongated→ filamentous structure → increases surface area to allow uterus to see

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21
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

Process by which the pre-attachment conceptus signals its presence to the dam. The must occur before luteolysis or the female will return to estrus.

CL must be preserved to maintain pregnancy

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22
Q

normal luteolysis

A
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23
Q

if not pregnant the uterus will secrete ___

A

PGF2 alpha

in cow, ewe and sow the vein will transfer PGF to the uterine artery and cause luteolysis of the non pregnant CL

CL released oxytocin → if there is enough oxytocin the uterus will release PGF

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24
Q

___ will prevent oxytocin from CL from binding to receptors during pregnancy

A

interferon (IFN T)

In cows and sheep

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25
\_\_\_ prevents luteolysis in sows
estradiol (estrogen produced by the blastocyst) E2 will force PGF into the lumen of the uterus instead of into the blood→ will lead to contractions of the uterus that moves the blastocyst around
26
in sows how many embryo needed for maternal recognition
4 evenly distributed between both horns
27
\_\_\_ helps with maternal recognition in the mare
migration all over the uterus
28
small or large amounts of PGF will cause luteolysis in mares and cows
cow, ewe and sow → large amounts mare → small amounts
29
what does progesterone do?
Histotrophic secretion * Closes cervix * Increases uterine tone * Suppresses myometrial activity **progesterone made by CL**
30
what animals are not luteal dependent
mare, ewe and cow CL stops producing progesterone some time during pregnancy and the placenta will produce **progestogens to maintain pregnancy**
31
human chorionic gonadotropin
HCG → has LH activity→ stimulate ovulation human and cow 7-9 days days after implantation * Luteotropic –LH activity * Responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy Basis of most early pregnancy tests for women
32
equine chorionic gonadotropin is produced by
chorionic girdle → borrow into endometrium and female body will attack and around 120 days will slough off 40-120 days of gestation During early gestation cell from the **chorionic girdle** of the embryo **burrow into the endometrium** of the mare and form **endometrial cups**. These cups are arranged in a circle. The cups produce equine chorionic gonadotropin which is associated with the formation of secondary corpora lutea. The mare mounts an lymphocytic immune response to the cups and they are destroyed. ECG concentrations are elevated in the pregnant mare from day **40 to 120 days of gestation**. **ECG can be administered to ewes to stimulate multiple ovulations.**
33
prostaglandins Interact with\_\_\_ to regulate uterine blood flow
steroids and catecholamines
34
PGE produced by the equine conceptus controls\_\_\_ through the isthmus of the oviduct
transport of the equine embryo
35
lactogen
produced to tell female to divert energy to the fetus and develop mammary gland Placental lactogen is a **polypeptide hormone** produced by the placenta in cows, sheep, does, women, mice and rats. Placental lactogen is also known as **chorionic somatomammotropin.** Placental lactogen has **prolactin and growth hormone-like activity.** During pregnancy placental lactogen influences **maternal metabolism** to direct nutrients to the fetus, promoting growth of the fetus. Placental lactogen also has **lactogenic activity and stimulates mammary gland development.** The somatotropic/lactogenic activity of this hormone varies between species.
36
relaxin
Produced by the placenta and ovary * Women, mares, queens, bitches, sows * **Softens and relaxes pelvic ligaments near term** * Aid in expulsion of the fetus
37
placentation in horse
Progesterone stimulates synthesis of **glycocalyx** * Endometrium covered by **MUC-1 (prevents embryo from attaching)** * Progesterone receptors down-regulate * MUC-1 decreases * Allows conceptus to contact endometrium * Attachment by **interdigitation** of trophoblastic and endometrial **microvilli** * Resulting in **epitheliochorial placentation**
38
ruminants placentation
**Binucleate** cells form * Fuse with endometrial epithelium to form multinucleate cells **(syncytium)** * Chorion form papillae that project into uterine glands * **Villi (cotyledons)** form over caruncles to form **placentomes** **Binucleate cells** form from trophoblast cells starting on day 17. The binucleate cells migrate and fuse with the underlying endometrial epithelium to form **multinucleate cells or a syncytium**. The cells may be involved in the immunologic protection of the conceptus and **transfer of placental lactogen** (produced by binucleate cells) to the maternal circulation. Early on the **chorion form papillae** that project into the lumen of the uterine glands and provide an anchor and absorptive surface. More complex microvilli **(cotyledons)** form over the **caruncles** to form the **placentomes.**
39
cotyledon and caruncle =
placentomes → ruminants
40
binucleate cells form and fuse with endometrial epithelium to form \_\_\_
multinucleate cells (syncytium) ruminants
41
function of the fetal membrane
Protection • Nutrient gas exchange • Substance transfer • Fetal wastes • Synthesis enzymes and hormones • Respiration
42
chorion
trophoblast and mesoderm (2 layer)
43
allantochorion
trophoblast, mesoderm and allantosis
44
development of the allantois
45
what kind of animals have a diffuse placentation
sow and mare
46
\_\_\_ have convex cotyledonary placentation \_\_\_ have concave
cow and giraffe sheep and goat
47
what kind of placenta does a dog have
zonary placentation
48
what kind of placenta for human
discoidal placenta
49
epitheliochorial
6 layers of tissue no AB exchange very little damage to endometrium at birth
50
endotheliochorial
dogs and cats 5 cell layers some Ig pass some damage to endometrium during birth
51
hemochorial
humans 3 layers fetal tissue bathed in maternal blood Ig pass easily
52
deciduate
Maternal epithelium and submucosa are lost at parturition leaving a denuded endometrium (humans)
53
Indeciduate
Fetal membranes are expelled after birth leaving an intact epithelium. (horses and cattle)
54
how do epitheliochorial get Ig
no transfer (6 layers) get from **colostrum**
55
INF T will cause
decrease lymphocytes → prevent mother from attacking fetus
56
\_\_\_ will inhibit T lymphocyte activation
TGF beta PGE2 uterine serpin progesterone
57
\_\_\_ bind and cause lymphocyte death to protect fetus
Fas ligand
58
59
Fusion of pronuclei
syngamy
60
4-8 cells
morula → usually passed to uterus
61
cells on outside of blastocyst form \_\_
tight junctions trophoblast → fetal membrane Na pump cause water to fill blastocoele
62
63
64
part of the chorionic girdle that produces eCG from day 40-120 of 340 days in horses
65
red dots are \_\_\_ on ___ side of the \_\_\_ attach to the ___ forming the \_\_\_
c**otyledons** **chorion** side of the **placenta** attach to the **caruncle** of the endometrium forming the **placentomes**
66
area outside red
intercotyledon area