Test 3: lecture 6 Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

endocrine vs paracrine vs autocrine

endocrine→ secreted, enters blood stream and can act everywhere a receptor is located

paracrine- local hormone control

autocrine- hormone released by cell acts on that same cell

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four general classes of hormones

proteins and peptides

steroids

derivatives of tyrosine (amines)

fatty acid derivatives (e.g. prostaglandins)

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____hormones are stored in secretory vesicles until needed

Protein and peptide

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___hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and are not stored.

Steroid

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___hormones are derived from tyrosine and are stored

Amine

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peptide hormone synthesis

N-terminal signal peptide tells the golgi apparatus to package these hormones into secretory vesicles for secretion

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characteristics of hormone secretion:

Incredibly ____concentration of hormones

_____ feedback control

___ variations in hormone release

low

Negative

Cyclical

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____ are dissolved in the plasma (short half-life).

Peptides and catecholamines

(water soluble)

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____ hormones are bound to plasma proteins given them a ___ half-life.

Steroid and thyroid

long (don’t get dissolved as quickly)

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how are hormones removed from blood

Binding with tissues
Metabolic destruction by tissues
Excretion by liver into the bile
Excretion by kidneys into the urine

based on how fast they are secreted

protein-bound hormones are cleared slower than free hormones.

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three locations for hormone receptors

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

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where are the receptors for peptide and catecholamines

hormone receptor on the cell membrane

water soluble

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where are the steroid hormone receptors

in the cytoplasm

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where are the thyroid hormone receptors

in the nucleus

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one way for a cell to regulate hormones is to ___ the receptors

decrease or increase the number of receptors for a specific hormone

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peptide and catecholamines depend on ____ for intracellular signaling

second messengers

Adenylyl cyclase - cAMP

Phospholipids: IP3 and DAG

Calcium-calmodulin

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cAMP second messenger

peptide hormone can’t get into cell, binds to receptor on the surface

this causes ATP → cAMP with the help of enzyme adenylyl cyclase

cAMP then is used to activate cAMP dependent protein kinase

which is used to activate protein and produce cell response

cAMP is formed by an amplification step therefore a very small amount of hormone can create very large effect

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phospholipid second messenger

peptide/catecholamine hormones can’t get into cell, need to use surface receptors

binding of hormone causes G protein to increase the amount of phospholipase C which is used to form DAG and IP3 from a phospholipid

IP3 causes release of calcium from ER and mitochondria → protein activation. calcium also binds to calmodulin → protein phosphorylation

DAG activated PKC → protein phosphorylation

calcium calmodulin

peptide/catecholamine hormones can’t get into cell, need to use surface receptors

calcium- calmodulin works on Calcium channels to bring calcium into the cell

can also work with : IP3 from the phospholipid second messenger

binding of peptide hormone causes G protein to increase the amount of phospholipase C which is used to form DAG and IP3 from a phospholipid

IP3 causes release of calcium from ER and mitochondria → protein activation. calcium also binds to calmodulin → protein phosphorylation

DAG activated PKC → protein phosphorylation

how to measure blood hormone concentration

Hormone-specific antibody

Radio-labeled standard Hormone

Your test sample

Antibody is limited.

Equilibrium

Isolate Ab-hormone complex

hormones produced by anterior pituitary

all hormones produced by the ___ are protein and peptide hormones

pituitart

hypothalamus produces what type of hormones

TRH, CRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH → peptide hormones

PIH → amine hormone

where are hormones from the hypothalamus released to get to the anterior pituitary

median eminence

then taken by the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessel

HPA

\_\_\_ produces ADH

**supraoptic nucleus** in the hypothalamus will carry ADH down the **hypothalamic-pituitary tract t**o the posterior pituitary to be stored until needed

\_\_\_ produces oxytocin

paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus will carry oxytocin down the **hypothalamic-pituitary tract t**o the posterior pituitary to be stored until needed

growth hormone

**protein hormone made by the anterior pituitary gland** also called Somatotropic hormone or somatotropin Growth hormone affects all tissues 191 amino acids, 22 kD (protein hormone) Considerable species specificity (can't use human GH in other animals)

metabolic effect of growth hormone on protein deposition

**Promote protein deposition** * Enhance amino acids uptake * Enhance transcription and translation * Decrease protein breakdown

metabolic effect of growth hormone on fat

enhance fat utilization for energy

metabolic effect of growth hormone on carbs

**Decrease carbohydrate utilization - diabetogenic** * Decrease glucose uptake --insulin-resistance * Increase glucose production by liver * Increase insulin secretion

overall effect of GH

more protein, less fat, decrease utilization of carbs → diabetes (increase blood glucose)

will an older or younger person have more GH

a younger amount of GH decreases with age

GH causes the liver to produce \_\_\_

somatomedins mediates GH effect somatomedin C (IGF-I): similar to proinsulin in pygmies: high GH, low IGF-I (somatomedin C)

somatomedin C

Growth hormone causes liver to produce several potent somatomedins. Somatomedin C (IGF-I → insulin-like growth factor ): similar to proinsulin. Plasma concentrations of GH and IGF-I are highly correlated with body size pygmies have normal GH but low amounts of IGF-I

\_\_\_ is made by the hypothalamus to stop GH release

Growth hormone-inhibitory hormone (GHIH) (type of peptide hormone) **also called a Somatostatin**

\_\_\_\_ is made by the hypothalamus to stimulate GH release

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) (type of peptide hormone)

what are some activities that release GH

sleep and strenuous exercise

what will starvation do to the release of GH

it will stimulate the release of GH

what are some factors that will stimulate GH release

Decreased blood glucose Decreased blood FFA Starvation Trauma Stress Exercise Deep sleep GHRH

what are some factors that will inhibit GH release

Increased blood glucose Increased blood FFA Aging Obesity Growth hormone GHIH (somatostatin)

dwarfism is caused by \_\_\_

disorder in GH not enough GH during childhood

gigantism is caused by \_\_\_

excessive levels of GH during childhood will eventually develop diabetes, because GH causes increased blood glucose

acromegaly

caused by too much GH during adult hood big organs, tissues different from gigantism because long bones don't get bigger only connective tissue stuff gets bigger