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22 spring: Physiology > Test 3: lecture 10 > Flashcards

Test 3: lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of calcium

A

Contraction of muscles

Blood coagulation

Enzyme activity (as a second messenger)

Neural excitability

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2
Q

Hypocalcemia causes nervous system excitation and muscle____

A

tetany

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3
Q

Hypercalcemia ____ nervous system and muscle activity

A

depresses

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4
Q

___ provides the tensile strength to bones

A

Organic matrix of bone (30%)

  • Collagen fibers
  • Tensile strength
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5
Q

___ provides the compressional strength of bones

A

Crystalline salts of bone (70%)

  • Hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
  • Compressional strength
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6
Q

what inhibits the formation of hydroxyapatite?

A

high levels of PPi (pyrophosphate)

formed by PC-1 (plasma cell membrane glycoprotein 1 )(non bone tissues)

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7
Q

how to form hydroxyapatite

A

PPi (TNAP) → hydroxyapatite

if bones don’t have TNAP they will form soft bones (uncalcified)

TNAP = tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (bone)

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8
Q

remodeling of bones is done by

A

osteoblasts- make new bone

osteoclasts- breakdown and resorb bone

GH stimulates osteoblasts

Fracture stimulates osteoblasts

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9
Q

New organic matrix (___) maintains the bone strength.

A

collagen fiber

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10
Q

regulation of calcium metabolism is by ___

A

Vitamin D

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitonin (Thyroid C cells)

that target the: GI, kidneys and bone

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11
Q

how to form vit D

A

1-25 (OH)2D3 is the active form of Vit D made in the kidney

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12
Q

Cholecalciferol (D3) can be stored in the ___ for months

A

liver

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13
Q

effects of 1,25(OH)2D3

____ Ca2+ and PO43- intestinal absorption

Increase renal ____ absorption

Promote bone ____ (small quantities)

Increase bone ____ (extreme quantities)

A

increases

Ca2+ and PO43-

calcification

resorption

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14
Q

how does vit D work in intestine

A

stimulates the production of calcium binding proteins → promotes calcium absorption

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15
Q

types of cells in the parathyroid gland

A

chief cells → make PTH

oxyphil cells → increase amount with age (old chief cells?)

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16
Q

how to make PTH

A

peptide hormone

has a precursor (pre-proparathyroid hormone) with a signal peptide that is cleaved (pro-parathyroid), then another part is cleaved (parathyroid hormone)

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17
Q

rapid phase of PTH:

A

Rapid phase of absorption: PTH activates calcium pump to pump Ca2+ and PO43- into ECF.

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18
Q

slow phase of PTH

A

Slow phase of bone resorption by activation of osteoclasts.

19
Q

two stages of PTH

A

PTH increases Ca2+ and PO43- absorption from the bone

Rapid phase of absorption: PTH activates calcium pump to pump Ca2+ and PO43- into ECF.

Slow phase of bone resorption by activation of osteoclasts.

20
Q

rapid phase of PTH will effect ____ to release Calcium into the ECF

A

osteoblasts

21
Q

how are osteoclasts stimulated by PTH

A

indirect

PTH binds to osteoblasts, osteoblasts release unknown substance and stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca and phosphate

(paracrine secretion)

22
Q

effect of PTH on bone vs kidney vs the GI

A

Increase Ca2+ and PO43- absorption from the bone

Decrease Ca2+ excretion and increase PO43- excretion by kidney

Increase intestinal Ca2+ and PO43- absorption via [1,25(OH)2D3]

23
Q

PTH will

___ Ca2+ and PO43- absorption from the bone

____ Ca2+ excretion and increase PO43- ____ by kidney

Increase intestinal Ca2+ and PO43-____via [1,25(OH)2D3]

A

Increase

Decrease. excretion

absorption

24
Q

high PTH causes ____ and ___

A

hypercalemia but hypophosphatemia

25
\_\_\_\_ activates Vit D into 1,25 (OH)2D3
1 alpha hydroxylase stimulated by low serum Ca, and Pi, and high PTH
26
\_\_\_\_ inactivates Vit D in the kidney
24-hydoxylase stimulated by high Ca diet, High serum Ca, serum Pi and high Calcitonin
27
high calcitonin → high PTH →
inactivates Vit D= too much calcium in blood → storage in bones activates Vit D = caused by too low calcium in blood → break down of bones for Ca and Phosphate release
28
C cells are found \_\_\_
in the thyroid gland
29
C cells in the thyroid produce
calcitonin (peptide hormone
30
calcitonin will cause the \_\_\_
decrease of plasma calcium concentrations decreases osteoclasts (breakdown of bone) decreases formation of new osteoclasts
31
\_\_\_ and ___ have opposite effects on Caclium
calcitonin PTH
32
increased serum calcium triggers \_\_\_\_ decrease serum calcium triggers \_\_\_
calcitonin PTH
33
Ultimobranchial glands of lower animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds) is similar to ___ in mammals
C cells → make calcitonin → decrease serum Calcium
34
control of Calcium concentration is by the ___ function of exchangeable Ca in the bones and then by the ___ control of Ca concentration by \_\_\_
buffer hormonal PTH
35
how is Vit D balanced in the blood
PTH increases serum Calcium Calcitonin decreases serum Calcium
36
_Primary Hyperparathyroidism_
**Hypercalcemia-** depresses nervous system and muscle activity (muscle weakness) Hypophosphatemia High PTH Cause: Adenoma of Chief cell → abnormal PTH will increase serum Calcium too much _Symptoms_ Bone absorption (bone cysts) Soft tissue mineralization Depression, muscle weakness (lethargy), vomiting, constipation
37
symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism
abnormal PTH → causes too much calcium in serum ## Footnote _Symptoms_ Bone absorption (bone cysts) Soft tissue mineralization- crystals can form in soft tissues from excess Ca Depression, **muscle weaknes**s (lethargy), vomiting, constipation
38
secondary hyperparathyroidism
Diagnosis: Hypocalcemia, High PTH, Hypertrophy of parathyroid glands Caused by Renal - chronic renal diseases Nutritional -Vitamin D deficiency (Rickets), low Ca diet
39
primary Hyperparathyroidism leads to \_\_\_ secondary Hyperparathyroidism leads to \_\_\_\_
**high Ca**, l**ow P**, high PTH → caused by tumor of chief cells **low Ca**, High PTH, **hypertrophy of parathyroid glands** → caused by low Ca diet and chronic kidney issues (low Ca causes nervous system excitation and muscle tetany)
40
vit D toxicosis causes \_\_\_
Hypercalcemia → depressed nervous system and muscle activity Hyperphosphatemia Parathyroid atrophy Hyperplasisa of C cells 1,25(OH)2D3
41
osteoporosis decreased ___ activities. Decreased ___ bone matrix
osteoblast _organic_
42
what are some protein/peptide hormones:
**Hypothalamus:** TRH, CRF, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH **Anterior pituitary:** TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH **Pancreas**: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin PTH, Calcitonin
43
what are some steroid hormones
mineralocorticoid - aldosterone glucocorticoids - cortisol Androgens Vitamin D
44
what hormones are derivatives of tyrosine
thyroid hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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