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22 spring: Physiology > exam 1 lecture 11 and 12 digestion > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture 11 and 12 digestion Flashcards

1
Q

4 salivary glands

A

parotid
mandibular
sublingual
zygomatic

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2
Q

Mumps

A

virus that effects the salivary glands

high fever and swelling of glands

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3
Q

A salivary___ is a collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland or salivary duct, and has accumulated in the tissues. Common in dogs

A

mucocele

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4
Q

parotid glands produce ___ , buccal glands produce ___

A

serous

mucus

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5
Q

there is large amount of ___ in ruminant saliva

A

bicarbonate (HCO3)

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6
Q

___ have isotonic saliva

A

ruminants

(which has a similar concentration of fluid, sugars and salt to blood)

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7
Q

___ have hypotonic saliva

A

non-ruminants

(lower salt, fluid and sugar concentration then in the blood)

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8
Q

___ breaks down starch in saliva

A

amylase (ptyalin)

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9
Q

___ breaks down fat in saliva

A

lingual lipase

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10
Q

___ which contain antimicrobial enzymes are found in saliva

A

lyzosymes

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11
Q

3 functions of saliva

A
  • Moisten and lubricate food
  • Antibacterial activity (oral hygiene)
  • Evaporative cooling - cat and dog
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12
Q

ruminant saliva has a high amount of bicarbonate why?

A

to buffer forestomach digestion

makes low acidic pH higher

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13
Q

ion transporters on salivary ducts will ___

A

modify saliva secretion

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14
Q

acini salivary cells will secrete ___

duct cells will reabsorb ___

A

acini: secrete: bicarbonate, water, K+,Na+, Cl-

duct: secrete: bicarbonate, K+

absorb: Cl-, Na+ and water

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15
Q

the ___ rate of saliva determines the electrolyte concentration

A

flow

if very fast, Na, water and Cl can’t be reabsorbed as well (isotonic solution-concentration similar to that of blood)

if very slow, lots of Na, water and Cl leave, lots of bicarbonate and K are added (hypertonic solution- concentration lower than blood)

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16
Q

parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • primary mode
  • Pavlov’s dog - conditioned reflex
  • Cholinergic receptors
  • Atropine suppresses salivary secretion
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17
Q

•Atropine ____ salivary secretion

A

suppresses

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18
Q

what kind of receptors are used for parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion?

A

cholinergic

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19
Q

what kind of receptors are used for sympathetic regulation of salivary secretion?

A

beta- adrenergic receptors

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20
Q

sympathetic regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • Potentiate the effect of PNS
  • b-adrenergic receptors
  • Salivation and drooling in carnivores preparing to attack
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21
Q

what are the two functions of the pancreas?

A
  • Exocrine secretion – digestion
  • Endocrine secretion – insulin
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22
Q

acinar cells in the pancreas produce

A

zymogens (inactive)

amylase (active)

lipase (active)

electrolytes

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23
Q

the centroacinar cells, and duct cells of the exocrine pancreas produce ___

A

bicarbonate → enzymes have high pH (basic)

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24
Q

how is trypsinogen activated

A

in the small intestine

trypsinogen (enterokinase)→ trypsin

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25
Q

trypsin can activate ___

A

trypsinogen into trypsin

or activate other enzymes

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26
Q

enterokinase

A

not actually a kinase → acts like a protease

glycoprotein found in the small intestine (brush border of duodenal enterocytes), released from brush border by bile salts

trypsinogen (enterokinase)→ trypsin

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27
Q

acute pancreatitis is caused by

A

premature activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas (pancreas eating itself)

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28
Q

three phases of pancreatic secretion

A

cephalic

gastric

intestinal

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29
Q

cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion

A

•vagal stimulation (sight and smell of food)

parasympathetic NS

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30
Q

gastric phase of pancreatic secretion

A

•vagovagal reflex (stomach distention)

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31
Q

intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion

A
  • intestinal distension (Ach)
  • chemical stimulation (CCK, secretin)
  • Fat and protein stimulate CCK secretion
  • H+ stimulates secretin secretion
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32
Q

Fat and protein stimulate ___ secretion

A

CCK

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33
Q

H+ in the small intestine stimulates ___ secretion

A

secretin

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34
Q

pavlov dog experiment stimulates ___

A

saliva secretion

cephalic and gastric pancreatic enzyme secretion

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35
Q

CCK stimulates ___ cells to secrete ___

A

acinar cells

zymogens, amylase, lipase and electrolytes

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36
Q

secretin stimulates ____ cells to produce ___

A

centroacinar and duct cells

bicarbonate

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37
Q

ACh stimulates which pancreas duct cells?

A

all three

acinar, centroacinar and duct cells

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38
Q

function of secretin

A

stomach produces acid which decreases the pH, this decrease in pH triggers secretin to stimulate pancreatic duct cells to produce bicarbonate which will increase the pH of the duodenum

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39
Q

liver is a __ gland that makes __

A

exocrine

bile

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40
Q

what is bile made of?

A

bile salts

  • Phospholipids and cholesterol
  • Electrolytes (HCO3-)

bile pigments (bilirubin)

metabolites of drug and toxins

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41
Q

bilirubin is made from ___ and excess can cause ___

A

bile pigment from breakdown of red blood cells

jaundice (liver failure)

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42
Q

bile acid is made from ___

A

cholesterol (hydrophobic)

bile acid aka cholic acid (amphipathic- both hydrophobic and hydrophilic)

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43
Q

amphiphilic

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

like a detergent

example: bile acid/ cholic acid

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44
Q

what is the valve that controls bile into the small intestine?

A

sphincter of oddi

45
Q

CCK does what to the gallbladder and sphincter of oddi

A

fat and protein in the SI triggers the release of CCK

CCK causes contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of oddi → bile acid is released into the SI

46
Q

bile secretion in ruminants and pig

A

sphincter of Oddi poorly defined leads to continuous secretion of bile

47
Q

do horses have gallbladder?

A

no- leads to continuous secretion of bile acid

48
Q

why does the body only need to make 6% of bile salts?

A

94% is reabsorbed from the small intestine back through through the liver into the gallbladder

6% is lost in feces and needs to be made from cholesterol

49
Q

bile is released in reaction to __

A

fat and protein in the small intestine → CCK→ gall bladder contraction, Oddi opening → bile secretion

50
Q

secretin will stimulate ___

A

bicarbonate secretion

51
Q

bile acids help absorb ___

A

fat soluble vitamins (K,A,D,E)

fat absorption

52
Q

biliary secretion provides additional buffer to ___ H+ in the duodenum

A

neutralize

53
Q

Biliary secretion provides an excretory route for certain metabolites and ___

A

drugs

54
Q

how does liver disfunction effect vitamin K?

A

vitamin K can not be stored in the body, must be provided by the diet

issues with liver will cause vit K deficiency (excessive bleeding)

55
Q

how is bile acid reabsorped?

A

bile released into the small intestine, filtered through the portal vein and reabsorbed by liver cells (hepatocytes) back into the gallbladder

do not enter systemic circulation (unless things go wrong with the liver)

enterohepatic circulation

56
Q

•Secretion of bile salts by ___ is proportional to hepatic portal vein concentration of bile salts.

A

hepatocytes

57
Q

mastication leads to breakdown of particle size and increase of ___

A

surface area

58
Q

chemical digestion involves splitting of chemical bonds: glycosidic linages (___), peptide bond (___) and ester bonds (___)

A

carbohydrates

proteins

fats

59
Q

two phases of chemical digestion

A

luminal

membranous

60
Q

luminal chemical digestion

A

enzymes active in the lumen of the gut (from the salivary, gastric and pancreatic glands)

large polymers(starch and proteins) are broken down into smaller polymers (polysaccharides and peptides)

61
Q

membranous chemical digestion

A

small polymers (polysaccharides and peptides) are broken down into monomeric molecules suitable for absorption

enzymes active at surface of gut (from the enterocytes in the small intestine)

62
Q

enzymes for the luminal phase of chemical digestion are from __

A

salivary, gastric and pancreatic glands

63
Q

enzymes for the membranous phase of chemical digestion are from ___

A

enterocytes in the small intestine

64
Q

carbohydrate digestion

A

luminal digestion (starch) enzymes form salivary, gastric and pancreatic glands

found on brush border oligosaccharidases

only monomers are absorbed

65
Q

luminal phase of carbohydrate digestion

A

starch can be linear → amylose or branched → amylopectin

amylase is an enzyme that breaks the 1-4 bond will cleave starch into disaccharides (maltose) , trisaccharides (maltotriose) and oligosaccharides

66
Q

what enzyme is used in the luminal stage of carbohydrate digestion?

A

amylase (can break 1-4 bond of starch→ disaccharides (maltose) , trisaccharides (maltotriose) and oligosaccharides)

67
Q

membranous phase of carbohydrate digestion

A

lactose and sucrose skip luminal phase (they are both dimers)

starch has to go through luminal phase, breakdown by amylase into smaller pieces

enters membranous phase- each have their own enzyme (ex. lactose and lactase) → glucose and galactose

starch→ glucose

sucrose→ glucose and fructose

these monomers can then be absorbed

68
Q

what is lactose broken into to be absorbed?

A

glucose and galactose

69
Q

what is starch broken into to be absorbed?

A

glucose

70
Q

what is sucrose broken into to be absorbed?

A

glucose and fructose

71
Q

how is glucose and galactose absorbed

A

sodium dependent glucose transporter

Na+ has to be taking into the cell

then exported into the blood by glucose transporter 2

72
Q

how is fructose absorbed

A

glucose transporter 5

then exported into the blood by glucose transporter 2

73
Q

two types of enzymes for luminal phase protein digestion

A

endopeptidase- cuts through middle of protein → leads to short polymers

exopeptidase- removes one amino acid at a time from the end

74
Q

enzymes for protein digestion come from two places

A

gastric glands and pancreas

75
Q

endopeptidase-

A

cuts through middle of protein → leads to short polymers

76
Q

exopeptidase

A
  • removes one amino acid at a time from the end

enzyme for luminal phase of protein digestion

77
Q

activation of pancreatic zymogens

A
78
Q

membranous phase digestion of peptides

A

tripeptide, dipeptide and amino acids can be taken into the enterocyte or they can be broken down into amino acid using brush border peptidases

tripeptide and dipeptide are taken up by the H+ dependent peptide transporter 1

amino acid is taken up by the Na+ co-transporter

tripeptide and dipeptide have to be broken down more inside the enterocyte by peptidases into amino acids

79
Q

___ are taken up into the enterocyte by the H+ dependent peptide transporter 1

A

tripeptide and dipeptide

80
Q

amino acids are transported by ___ in the enterocyte

A

Na+ co-transporter

81
Q

protein digestion

A

luminal: luminal digestion into smaller peptides by endopeptidase or exopeptidase from the gastric glands or the pancreas

membrane: broken down by brushborder peptidase into 3,2,or amino acids. (3 and 2 can be transported into the enterocyte and further broken down into amino acids by intracellular peptidases) (amino acids can be transported by Na+ co transporter)

82
Q

carbohydrate digestion

A

luminal: starch into smaller molecules by amylase

membranous: lactose(lactase)→ glucose + galactose. starch (special enzyme) → glucose. sucrose (sucrase)→ glucose and fructose

absorption: glucose and galactose use Na+ glucose transporter then a GLUT2 transporter to go from enterocyte into the blood

fructose use GLUT5 transporter to get into enterocyte, then a GLUT2 transporter to go from enterocyte into the blood

83
Q

fat will combine with bile acids to produce ___ when the concentration of bile salts is ___

A

micelles

2mM

84
Q

what enzyme is used to breakdown triglyceride

A

lipase/co-lipase

85
Q

what enzyme is used to breakdown cholesterol ester

A

cholesterol esterase

86
Q

what enzyme is used to breakdown phospholipids?

A

phospholipase

87
Q

triglyceride (pancreatic lipase)→

A

1 (2-monoglyceride) amphiphilic- hydrophobic and hydrophilic

and

2 (free fatty acids) amphiphilic- hydrophobic and hydrophilic

88
Q

how does co-lipase work

A

moves bile acids away so lipase can bind to triglyceride and form micelle

89
Q

lipase is secreted in the ___ form and is ___ by bile acids

A

secreted

inhibited

90
Q

co-lipase is secreted in the ___ form and is __ by bile acids

A

inactive- pro-colipase

activated

binds to lipase and bile acids

(lipase and colipase in a 1:1 ratio)

91
Q

how does fat get absorbed into enterocyte

A

broken down into fatty acids and glyceride by lipase and co-lipase to form micelle

glyceride, fatty acid, phospholipid and cholesterol are taken up into the enterocyte

bile acids are also absorbed in the ileum

inside the enterocyte: the glyceride and fatty acid reform triglyceride. triglyceride, phospholipid, cholesterol and protein from the ER form together to make the chylomicron

chylomicron is exported out of enterocyte into the ECM

92
Q

which is bigger micelle or chylomicron

A

chylomicron (100s of nanometers)

micelle (nanoparticle)

93
Q

lipids are moved out of the enterocyte by forming ___

A

chylomicron

94
Q

where do chylomicrons go from the intestine

A

ECM → lymphatics → systemic circulation

(does not get filtered by the liver by the hepatic portal system like carbs and proteins)

95
Q

lipemia

A

chylomicronemia

too much fat, causes lymphatics to turn milky yellow

fats are absorbed into enterocyte and then form chylomicrons which are exported into the EMC and taken up into the lymphatic system and go directly into the systemic circulation (skip the cleaning by the liver by the hepatic portal vein)

96
Q

digestion of fats

A

triglycerides are broken down by lipase and co lipase. they combine with bile acids and form micelle

glyceride, free fatty acids, phospholipid and cholesterol are taken up into the enterocytes

glyceride and fatty acid reform triglyceride. Triglyceride, phospholipid, cholesterol and protein from the ER form the chylomicron

chylomicron gets transported out of the enterocyte and into the ECM, gets picked up by the lymphatic system and dumped into the systemic circulation without being filtered by the hepatic portal vein like carbs or proteins

97
Q

•Lipids are absorbed through the apical membrane by carrier proteins and simple diffusion in the ___.

A

jejunum

98
Q

•Absorbed lipids are re-esterified and re-packaged into ___ in the enterocytes.

A

chylomicrons

99
Q

•Bile acids are ____ in the ileum by a sodium co-transport system.

A

re-absorbed

100
Q

in neonates proteins are absorbed ___

A

intact, not broken down

in most livestock, antibodies (immunoglobulins- Ig) are not passed from damn to fetus

antibodies are acquired through colostrum

101
Q

how are antibodies acquired for livestock

A

colostrum- proteins not digested, absorbed intact

102
Q

how can a neonate absorb full proteins?

A

delay in acid secretion from the stomach, delay in pancreatic function

special enterocytes engulf soluble proteins, these special cells are lost after 24 hours (in livestock- gut closure in humans =6 months)

103
Q

In neonate, Ig from colostral binds to what type of receptor

A

Fc receptor mediated

triggers pinocytic vesicle

104
Q

at birth, there is more lactase activity then maltase activity because___

A

more milk at birth, less starch

switched in adult hood, if no lactase activity → lactose intolerance

105
Q

___ failure to digest nutrients

A

Maldigestion

106
Q

___ failure to absorb nutrients

(mucosal damage or bacterial overgrowth)

A

Malabsorption

107
Q

•Carbohydrate absorption tests assess ____ (D-Xylose).

A

malabsorption

108
Q

Rasco seems bright and friendly, but extremely thin with a dull, uneven hair coat. Laboratory analysis of feces collected over 24 hr shows that Rasco is passing 25g of fat in the feces per day (normal, < 5 g). blood test shows: a low value for trypsin-like immuoreactivity

A

Digestion problem

Juvenile Pancreatic Atrophy (Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency)

supplement with commercially prepared pancreatic enzymes

22 spring: Physiology (34 decks)

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