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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 1: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Exam 1: The Nervous System Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

neuroepithelium

A

gives rise to all CNS neurons and glial cells (except microglia)
tissue outside of neural tube
sclerotome mesoderm

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2
Q

3 regions the neuroepithelium can be divided into

A

ventricular, mantle, marginal

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3
Q

ventricular neuroepithelium

A

gives rise to the ependymal cells (produce CSF)

closer to the inner membrane

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4
Q

Mantle neuroepithelium

A

gives rise to most of the grey matter and neuron cell bodies , gives most macroglia (astrocytes)
- between the ventricular and marginal layers

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5
Q

marginal neuroepithelium

A

gives rise to white matter, myelinated axons

highest concentration of glial cells is oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

development of neuroepithelium in the brain vs spinal cord

A

in the brain it will be flipped so the myelination is on the inside and the grey matter is on the outside

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7
Q

sulcus limitans

A

groove that separates dorsal region from the ventral region

near the midline

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8
Q

alar plate

A

dorsal region

sensory function

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9
Q

basal plate

A

ventral region
motor function
(sends info out forward / ventrally)

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10
Q

As the spinal cord matures you get _____ showing up

ventral and dorsal which is for info coming in ?

A

horns
ventral - cell bodies and tracts going out
dorsal - tracts coming in (NOT cell bodies)

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11
Q

where are cell bodies in dorsal horn located?

A

dorsal root ganglion

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12
Q

what protective layers does the sclerotome mesoderm give rise to?

A

vertebrae
annulus fibrosis of discs
meninges

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13
Q

sclerotome mesoderm

A

not part of nervous system
part of protective layers
connective tissue supportive

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14
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

outer, tougher, connective portion to the intervertebral discs, encase the discs

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15
Q

meninges

A

protective layer wrap around brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

vertebral discs are formed from what 2 regions of the mesoderm

A
  • notochord which initiates neurulation

- nucleus pulposus - remnant of notochord

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17
Q

nucleus pulposus composition and function

A

gel-like center of the disc (collagen and elastin fibers)
- loose matrix
- living cells that produce proteoglycan (mostly protein but have carb chains - attract water)
more proteoglycan = more hydration
responsible for shock absorbency of disc from elastin fibers

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18
Q

annulus fibrosis

A

made of fibrocartilage
- cells of sclerotome that surround the notochord in many layered structure (lamination)
- layers:
collagen parallel fibers
elastin fibers between each layer to lock them together

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19
Q

what keeps the vertebrae together at each joint?

A

one = 2 vertebrae with a disc in between

thin layer of hyaline cartilage on either side of disc to lock in place

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20
Q

What happens to the vertebral discs as you age?

A

get less proteoglycan produced by the cells, cells die off in pulposus, degeneration of discs
- not putting out as much proteoglycan = not as much hydration - no osmotic pressure
- does not hold shape easily, collapses when pressure on it
- disorganization:
not static , have living cells , branching, weak points, fissures forming , can cause bulging, herniation

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21
Q

How many cervical vertebrae? thoracic? lumbar? sacral? coccyx?

A

cervical: 7
thoracic: 12
lumbar: 5
sacral: 5
coccyx: 3-5

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22
Q

primary curvatures

A

thoracic and sacral

  • convex, bending over
  • fetal position curved like a C
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23
Q

secondary (compensatory) curvatures

A

cervical (begins in utero to 3 months)
lumbar (begins at 12 months) - can stand up

  • concave
  • babies lift head and get more control
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24
Q

abnormal curvature of spine also occurs if irregularity is more lateral

A

scoliosis

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25
kyphosis
extreme curvature in upper thoracic | bending over, hunched back
26
lordosis
extreme curvature in lumbar region - bending backwards - in pregnant women in last trimester or overweight in abdominal region
27
contains adipose and areolar CT that supports blood vessels and spinal nerves
epidural space
28
epidural anesthesia
administered into epidural space - labor and delivery - have patient curl up to open the space, insert needle or catheter and constantly add more anesthesia to numb nerves in the area and below it - to numb higher up areas recline patient - it goes towards gravity
29
dense CT, double layered - no separation of layers in the spinal cord
dura mater
30
supportive network of CT | extensions of CT to pia
arachnoid
31
outer region of CSF circulation | extensions from arachnoid reabsorb into venous system
subarachnoid apace
32
spinal anesthesia - injection | taking a sample of CSF if think someone has meningitis
take from subarachnoid space
33
surface of spinal cord composed of astrocytes and CT cannot separate from spinal cord or brain without ripping it off - it is fused to the surface
pia mater
34
differences between meninges of spinal cord and brain
- brain has no epidural space - dura connects to the skull directly in the brain - layers of dura separate in brain
35
2 parts of the dura mater and what they are
periosteal: stays with inside of skull meningeal: inner layer that follows contours of brain - meningeal goes down into fissures and sulci of brain, periosteal stays - get sinuses that reabsorb CSF and drain into venous system
36
similarity between meninges of brain and spinal cord
arachnoid and pia the same
37
subdural hematoma
- rupture of bridging veins, slow development, under the dura (where arachnoid is CSF) - MIDLINE shift - crosses suture lines - crescent shape - slow bleed - elderly, alcoholics, shaken baby, whiplash
38
epidural hematoma
- damaged artery - middle meningeal artery usually - rapid expansion due to high P in arteries - usually secondary to temporal fracture or concussion NO midline shift - does not cross suture lines - oval shape traumatic
39
subarachnoid hemorrhage
- rupture of an aneurysm or bleed from arteriovenous malformation - blood into sulci - hemorrhagic stroke - bleed in brain, not blockage - thunderclap headache (do not want to give clot busters bc it would make worse)
40
gray matter
neuron cell bodies arranged in functional aggregates or nuclei
41
sensory nuclei located... | motor nuclei located...
sensory: dorsally/posteriorly motor: ventrally/anteriorly
42
somatosensory
proprioception | ex: romberg exercise - close your eyes and can feel body shifting to maintain balance
43
visceral sensory
monitoring BP, whether or not you should be secreting digestive enzymes
44
visceral motor
step up peristalsis ways | if sat down, relaxing, bringing BP down
45
somatic motor
felt changes in shifting result in you sending somatic motor responses down so you did not fall over
46
white matter
formed by bundles of axons - most myelinated
47
funiculi or tracts
bundles of axons that create white matter
48
what are groups or tracts referred to as
columns
49
ascending tracts carry... | descending tracts carry...
ascending carry sensory info | descending carry motor info
50
somatosensory neuron orders (1,2,3) | always do 1 and 2
1: sensory neuron entering dorsal root ganglion 2: interneuron in spinal cord or brainstem 3: to thalamus (conscious)
51
Breaking down nomenclature: spinothalamic corticospinal
spinothalamic: coming from the spine and going to the thalamus ascending so sensory corticospinal: coming from cortex going to spinal cord descending so motor
52
fasiculus gracilis | extrapyramidal tracts
fasiculus gracilis: fasiculus is a bundle, gracilis is in the medulla, so it is heading for the medulla, ascending so it is sensory extrapyramidal tracts: coming out from medulla, descending so motor
53
3 major sensory, ascending tracts
dorsal/posterior column spinothalamic tract spinocerebellar tract
54
dorsal column function
conscious awareness proprioception fine touch pressure and vibrations (highly localized) large diameter, highly myelinated - rapid conduction
55
Does the dorsal column decussate, if so where?
YES at medulla contralateral
56
Divisions of the dorsal column
fasciculus cuneatus | fasciculus gracilis
57
fasciculus cuneatus
somatosensory from T6 and above | arms, torso, neck
58
fasciculus gracilis
somatosensory below T6 | think a ballerina is graceful on pointe and the pointe shoes are the lower half of body
59
How to test for lesion to dorsal column
usually have them close eyes, if gracilis start at bottom of tract like big toe have them tell you if you bent their toe up or down could also use vibration with a tuning fork 2 part discrimination test
60
spinothalamic function
conscious pain, T, crude touch and pressure (poorly localized) small diameter and sparsely myelinated - slower conduction
61
does the spinothalamic pathway decussate, if so where?
YES at entry - spinal cord contralateral
62
divisions of spinothalamic and their functions
lateral: pain and T anterior: crude touch and pressure
63
how to test spinothalamic damage?
pin test or cold water
64
spinocerebellar function
unconscious!!! proprioception moderate diameter, moderately myelinated
65
does spinocerebellar decussate, if so where?
- dorsal: NONE ipsilateral | - ventral: double decussation ipsilateral (at entry and at cerebellum)
66
divisions of spinocerebellar
- dorsal: proprioception | - ventral: monitors activity within spinal cord
67
spinal cord descending motor tracts
pyramidal | extrapyramidal
68
pyramidal tracts
conscious voluntary control variation in diameter and myelination
69
where do pyramidal tracts decussate?
medulla | contralateral
70
what are the divisions of the pyramidal tracts
- lateral corticospinal - anterior corticospinal - corticobulbar
71
lateral corticospinal pyramidal tract
90% | movement of limbs - arms, legs - need more fine motor control in hands and legs
72
anterior corticospinal pyramidal tract
10% | pectoral and pelvic girdles, core - helps keep you upright
73
corticobulbar pyramidal tract
neurons from motor cortex synapse with cranial nerves (spinal accessory, facial, trigeminal, oculomotor, hypoglossal extraocular facial movement and voice production - comes down same tracts as lateral and anterior corticospinal but does not extend to same extent - facial expressions, voice production, gestures, speaking
74
ocular saccade - corticobulbar tract
voluntary eye movement from one spot to another - looking from one finger to another - if no nerve issues they have no problem focusing
75
extrapyramidal tracts
unconscious control - reflexive - neurons originate in subcortical regions of midbrain diameter and myelination vary
76
where do extrapyramidal tracts decussate?
if it happens, in midbrain (does not have to occur) | - higher up than medulla
77
divisions of extrapyramidal tracts
vestibulospinal tectospinal rubrospinal reticulospinal (medial and lateral)
78
vestibulospinal - extrapyramidal tract
ipsilateral maintains equilibrium postural reflexes and ocular saccades - helps pull you back up when you start to fall asleep in class - ocular saccades- if loud noise your eyes automatically go to it involuntarily
79
tectospinal extrapyramidal tract
both contralateral and ipsilateral postural reflexes to auditory and visual stimuli - bright light shining in eyes, loud noise and you jump
80
rubrospinal extrapyramidal tract
contralateral - upper body especially upper limb postural reflexes - from red nucleus , part of midbrain interacts with reticulospinal
81
reticulospinal extrapyramidal tract
muscle tone - walking coordination - modulates pain - extensors and flexors medial: ipsilateral stimulate extensors, inhibits flexors lateral: contralateral inhibits extensors, stimulates flexors
82
progressive neurodegenerative disease involving loss of neurons in anterior ventral horns and progressive demyelination of corticospinal tracts
ALS
83
dorsal rami
innervate skin and muscles of the back
84
ventral rami
innervate ventrolateral body wall and limbs - sides and abdominal region
85
spinal nerves are part of what nervous system?
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
86
endoneurium perineurium epineurium
endoneurium: surrounds a single neuron perineurium: surrounds fassicle epineurium: surrounds entire nerve
87
how are spinal nerves named
- identified by vertebrae under which they are located T1 spinal nerve comes out under T1 - EXCEPT for cervical vertebrae it begins above the atlas C1 is above atlas
88
4 spinal nerve plexuses
cervical brachial lumbar sacral
89
cervical plexus
C1-C5 and cranial nerve 12 (hypoglossal) - innervates neck muscles and some shoulder muscles -phrenic nerve (C3-C5) innervates diaphragm ansa cervicalis BOTH sensory and motor
90
ansa cervicalis
C1-C3 in carotid triangle innervates infrahyoid muscles involved in swallowing and larynx movement btw strap muscles
91
brachial plexus
rami from C5 to T1 innervates shoulder, axillary region, arm sensory and motor
92
organization of brachial plexus
roots: rami trunks: superior, middle, inferior where the roots fuse division: each trunk divides into anterior and posterior regions cords: lateral, posterior, medial - refusion in diff combo branches: peripheral nerves
93
Brachial Plexus nerves
``` musculocutaneous axillary radial medial ulnar ```
94
musculocutaneous nerve
flexes upper arm ("make a muscle")
95
axillary nerve
lifting arm to show armpit, trying to elevate arm by shrugging
96
radial nerve
goes down radial surface - supination and extension | when you put your arm out "here take this"
97
medial nerve
comes down , only nerve to go through a tunnel (carpal tunnel) to first 3.5 fingers allows you to flex fingers and all of them move at once - grabbing things can get inflamed, tendon is tough and does not give, tingling, numbness and pain from compressed nerve - can get muscular atrophy thenar muscles rounded part near thumb
98
ulnar nerve
flexes 4th and 5th fingers bend pinky and other fingers go with it goes all around ulnar when you hit funny bone you get tingling from this nerve
99
lumbar plexus
rami from T12 - L4 innervates abdomen, skin on butt and genitalia, quadriceps, majority of adductors, majority of skin on thigh and leg femoral and octurator
100
lumbar plexus - femoral
L2-L4 | innervates quads, hip flexors, some adductors, anteromedial skin of thigh, leg, foot
101
lumber plexus - obturator
L2-L4 | innervates adductors, and small area of medial skin of thigh
102
sacral plexus
rami from L4-S4 innervates butt muscles, hamstrings, muscles of external genitalia and perineum, muscles of lower leg and foot, skin of posterior region of leg sciatic nerve
103
sciatic nerve
sacral plexus L4-S3 innervates hamstrings, adductor magnus, branches extend to lower leg and foot
104
Erb's Palsy
common during baby delivery injury to brachial plexus cervical stingers or burners from football can lead to same thing stretched nerve, ruptured, or evulsed trouble grasping things - one arm droops one arm grasps in babies
105
reflex arc
sensory info coming in, motor info going out
106
reflex arc
sensory info coming in, motor info going outmo
106
reflex arc
sensory info coming in, motor info going out
107
monosynaptic reflex
sensory info directly to motor in spinal cord stretch receptors - patellar reflex, achilles reflex ALWAYS ipsilateral
108
polysynaptic reflex
most common ALWAYS has interneuron between sensory and motor touch something and you pull your hand back can be ipsilateral or contralateral shifting weight in feet when walking - contralateral ALL contralateral are polysynaptic

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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