Exam 3: Endocrine Part 2

Question 1

where are the adrenal glands located? composed of?

Answer 1

located on the superior border of the kidneys
2 types of tissue
- glandular epithelium : cortex
- nerve tissue: medulla

Question 2

cortex epithelium layers general characteristics

Answer 2

all steroid hormones, ACTH helps them get chlesterol and resist apoptosis

Question 3

ACTH only directly effects the secretion of glucocorticoids from ____

Answer 3

zona fasciculata

Question 4

3 layers of cortex epithelium

Answer 4

zona glomerulosa: mineral corticoids
zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids - fluid and electrolyte balance
zona reticularis: androgens - negligible amounts - if tumor you would not notice in men but would in women bc you would start to get masculinization

Question 5

medulla

Answer 5

post ganglionic sympathetic nervous tissue - NE and epinephrine

Question 6

aldosterone - zona glomerulosa

regulation

Answer 6

negative feedback loop in response to increased K+, decreased Na+, or decreased blood volume or P
release also stimulated by angiotensin II

Question 7

aldosterone - zona glomerulosa

action

Answer 7

inc sodium and BP/V
inc permeability in kidney distal and collecting tubules by stimulating production of Na+ pumps
inc both Na+ and water
reabsorption
enhances ADH
stimulates taste bud sensitivity to salt- crave salty foods if dehydrated

Question 8

short term activation of ACTH, chronic stress and ACTH release can convert glomerulosa to….

Answer 8

fasciculate with aldosterone secretion decreasing

Question 9

cortisol - zona fasciculata

regulation

Answer 9

negative feedback loop with ACTH

circadian release, highest in morning, stimulated in response to stress

Question 10

cortisol - zona fasciculata

action

Answer 10

inc blood sugar, promotes protein catabolism and AA release from cells
stimulates AA uptake and GLUCONEOGENESIS in liver
inhibits glucose uptake in muscles and adipose
stimulates lipolysis
suppresses inflammation and immune response
- infection risk if on lots of steroids

Question 11

DHEA (androgen) - zona reticularis

regulation

Answer 11

small amounts released in response to ACTH

converted to testosterone in testes and adipose tissue

Question 12

DHEA (androgen)-zona reticulata

action

Answer 12

not significant - action overshadowed by sex hormones
promotes bone and muscle growth in children
no effect in adult males
majority converted to estrogen in women
promotes blood cell production and muscle maintenance in women

Question 13

a1, a2, b1,b2,b3

Answer 13

a1: vascular tissue
a2: digestive
b1: heart
b2: lungs
b3: adipose

Question 14

epinephrine and norepinephrine

regulation

Answer 14

direct stimulation by sympathetic nervous system in response to stress

Question 15

epinephrine and norepinephrine

action

Answer 15

inc HR and force of contractions
stimulates vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, pupil dilation
lipolysis and glycogenolysis
inc metabolic rate, inhibits GI secretion
80% released is epinephrine

Question 16

kidney

Answer 16

filters the blood and is perfect site for monitoring blood composition
hormones in kidney inc blood oxygen levels and blood volume

Question 17

erythropoietin

regulation

Answer 17

negative feedback loop

released in response to decreased oxygen levels in blood

Question 18

erythropoietin

action

Answer 18

promotes production of erythrocytes in bone marrow

Question 19

where is erythropoietin produced

Answer 19

interstitial cells that are associated with capillaries in kidney, peritubular capillaries are primary site of action

Question 20

using EPO as a treatment

Answer 20

cancer patients if on chemo that is damaging bone marrow and they get anemia from treatment, can be given EPO
athletes run at high altitudes get release of this - some athletes inject EPO

Question 21

renin

regulation

Answer 21

an ENZYME
negative feedback loop
released in response to dec Na+ levels or blood volume
inhibited by ANP and BNP

Question 22

renin

action

Answer 22

converts serum protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Question 23

renin activates what 2 hormones

Answer 23

salt hormone (ADH)
water hormone (aldosterone)

Question 24

angiotensinogen

regulation and action

Answer 24

liver
regulation: negative feedback loop ; serum level regulated by liver
action: none
converted to angiotensin I by renin

Question 25

``` somatomedin c (IGF-1) regulation and action ```

Answer 25

liver regulation: release stimulated by Growth Hormone action: negative feedback loop to regulate GH output

Question 26

angiotensin II | regulation

Answer 26

LUNGS | regulation: initiated by renin release

Question 27

angiotensin II | action

Answer 27

promotes vasoconstriction stimulates release of aldosterone indirectly enhances ADH

Question 28

what lung enzymes activate angiotensin I

Answer 28

angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)

Question 29

ACE inhibitors can be used to treat

Answer 29

hypertension

Question 30

2 functions of pancreas

Answer 30

endocrine and exocrine

Question 31

endocrine cells of pancreas

Answer 31

grouped into aggregates known as islets of Langerhans - regulation of islets is mainly linked to circulating glucose levels, however autonomic innervation can trigger hormone release

Question 32

acinar cells

Answer 32

exocrine function | further discussed in digestive system unit

Question 33

regulation of alpha cells: glucagon

Answer 33

negative feedback in response to low glucose levels (below 70) sympathetic innervation stimulates release triggered by low fatty acid levels - glucose sparing effect raises blood sugar, not handled by pituitary

Question 34

action of alpha cells: glucagon

Answer 34

stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle | promotes gluconeogenesis in liver and lipolysis in adipose tissue - glucose sparing effect

Question 35

regulation beta cells: insulin - pancreas

Answer 35

negative feedback in response to high glucose levels sympathetic innervation inhibits release triggered by high fatty acid levels, as well as gastrin, CCK, digestive hormone secretions

Question 36

what is the only hormone that lowers serum glucose

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

insulin released in 2 phases

Answer 37

1. initial burst of insulin - had meal, sugar level rises and insulin released starts to rise in 8-10min not going to peak until 30-45 min, should come down in an hour and a half to 2 hours - if does job this is it 2. if eating constantly at a party and the 2 hr mark did not work - gives you steady release of insulin

Question 38

how is insulin released?

Answer 38

beta cells have transport vesicles of insulin waiting to be released as glucose goes up they transport glucose in and it goes into glycolysis and get ATP which sets cascade to open Ca channels which causes exocytosis of insulin

Question 39

action of beta cells: insulin - pancreas

Answer 39

inc glucose transporter activity - liver promotes conversion of glucose to glycogen stimulates glycolysis inc protein synthesis inc fatty acid uptake and triacylglycerol production in adipose

Question 40

somatostatin | regulation and action

Answer 40

pancreas regulation: not yet clarified action: identical to GHIH produced in hypothalamus - can inhibit both alpha and beta cells although exact function unclear may slow food absorption

Question 41

PP Cells - Pancreatic Polypeptide | regulation and action

Answer 41

regulation: released in response to ingestion, especially protein rich meals action: satiation, dec appetite, plays role in moderating food intake

Question 42

produced in stomach, stimulates GH and hunger

Answer 42

ghrelin

Question 43

produced in stomach in response to food intake | stimulates acid production, mucous lining, and pancreas acini

Answer 43

gastrin

Question 44

secreted by small intestine during fasting to maintain basic motility

Answer 44

motilin

Question 45

secreted by duodenum in response to filling | stimulates pancreatic acinar and gallbladder secretions into duodenum

Answer 45

CCK (cholecystokinin)

Question 46

produced by the duodenum in response to acid | stimulates release of water and bicarbonate from pancreas and gallbladder

Answer 46

secretin

Question 47

released from small intestine in response to high fat and sugar content in food slows motility and stimulates insulin release

Answer 47

gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

Question 48

estrogen regulation

Answer 48

negative feedback in response to FSH and LH | cyclical

Question 49

estrogen action

Answer 49

promotes follicle maturation, stimulates Ca Storage!!!, bone formation!!, angiogenesis regulates development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 50

where is estrogen produced

Answer 50

in ovarian follicles

Question 51

angiogenesis

Answer 51

blood vessel formation | - lining of uterus, increases vascular portion of the lining

Question 52

leptin in females vs males

Answer 52

females: leptin monitors nutrition state and fat % males: monitors nutrition state

Question 53

inhibin | regulation and action

Answer 53

regulation: stimulated by FSH action: negative feedback with FSH, inhibits FSH and additional follicle development

Question 54

progestin (progesterone) | regulation and action

Answer 54

regulation: negative feedback, release stimulated by LH action: stimulates development of uterine endometrial lining, works with prolactin to stimulate mammary glands and lactation

Question 55

what is progestin secreted by

Answer 55

corpus luteum

Question 56

testosterone (androgen) | regulation and action

Answer 56

regulation: negative feedback - release stimulated by LH action: promotes sperm maturation, stimulates Ca absorption, muscle and bone growth, regulates development of secondary sex characteristics

Question 57

sertoli cells - inhibin | regulation and action

Answer 57

regulation: negative feedback, release in response to FSH action: inhibits release of FSH - aids in moderating sperm production

Question 58

some stimulatory to TSH stimulates maternal thyroid maintains corpus luteum

Answer 58

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 59

similar to GH promotes general growth stimulates glucose metabolism stimulates mammary duct proliferation

Answer 59

hCS - human chorionic somatomammotropin

Question 60

promotes growth

Answer 60

IGF

Question 61

acts on placenta | stimulates and maintains cells

Answer 61

EGF - endothelial growth factor

Question 62

relaxes cervix and pelvic ligaments

Answer 62

relaxin

Question 63

shifts maternal nutrient storage to meet needs of fetus | aids in transporting nutrients across placenta

Answer 63

leptin