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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 4: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Respiratory System Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the respiratory system (5)

A 
air conduction
gas exchange
sound production
acid-base balance 
endocrine function
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2
Q

what is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory system

A

larynx

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3
Q

what does the upper respiratory system consist of (4)

A

nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx (nasal, oral, laryngeal)
oral cavity during forced breathing

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4
Q

primary functions of upper respiratory system

A

warm and moisten air, mucous membranes - cold air dries out mucous membranes, damaging

trap and filter particles - hairs in nose and mucous

protect from pathogens -fungi, bacteria, viruses

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5
Q

additional functions of upper respiratory system (2)

A

olfaction

resonance (gives voice substance, tone)

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6
Q

opening to the nasal cavity

A

external nares (nostrils)

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7
Q

name of the space in the nasal cavity and what are its 3 components

A

vestibule

  • vibrissae: small stiff hairs that trap and filter large particles
  • sebaceous glands
  • anteriorly encased by cartilage - no cartilage around the back of the nose
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8
Q

nasal conchae of nasal cavity

A
  • lined with PSCC (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) that secretes mucous
  • turbinates
  • olfactory receptors

superior, middle, and inferior but superior is the only one wih olfactory receptors

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9
Q

sinuses

A

cavities in bone of skull

  • reduce weight of head
  • aid in moistening air
  • add resonance for phonation
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10
Q

what happens to resonance when you get a sinus infection?

A

you get inflammation which will impact how the air moves, can be painful - the pressure can alter your tone of voice - air space used for sound - resonance

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11
Q

pharynx

A

passageway
has MALT structures (tonsils)
nasopharynx

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12
Q

nasopharynx

A

contains opening to Eustachian tube for equalizing pressure in the middle ear

-since connected to upper respiratory - any infection can spread to cause ear infection

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13
Q

components of lower respiratory system (6)

A 
larynx
trachea
bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
lungs
bronchioles
alveoli
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14
Q

primary bronchi

A

right and left

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15
Q

secondary bronchi

A

goes to each lobe
3 lobes on right
2 lobes on left

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16
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

to the segments in each lobe

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17
Q

primary functions of lower respiratory system and then the additional functions

A

primary: gas exchange, sound production
additional: acid-base balance, hormone activation

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18
Q

functions of the larynx

A

phonation-sound production

entrance for air into the lower respiratory structures (protected by epiglottis)

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19
Q

structure of larynx

A

ligaments connect the larynx to the hyoid bone

muscles raise the larynx when you swallow - raising it action is with cartilages

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20
Q

glottis

A

opening to lower respiratory tract

do not want food down here so we have epiglottis to cover the glottis

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21
Q

development of larynx as we age

A

as we develop around 6 months the larynx descends deeper into the throat

we cannot eat and breathe at same time

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22
Q

cartilages the same in human and cats (3)

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
arytanoid cartilage

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23
Q

cartilage that makes up most of the larynx and has a aryngeal prominence in the front which is more common in men than in women

A

thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

cartilage at the base of the larynx

internal cartilages are supported by this

A

cricoid cartilage

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25
arytanoid cartilage
attaches to vocal folds to give tension give you basic sound from vocal chords it is on the cricoid cartilage and reaches up into the thyroid cartilage to connect to the vocal folds
26
cartilages different in humans than cats
corniculate cartilage | cuneiform cartilage
27
corniculate cartilage
elastic cartilage sits on arytanoids and extends them, gives greater range of motion
28
cuneiform cartilage
goes up and does not produce sound but helps supports vocal folds, strength added
29
what are the true vocal cords and their composition
vocal folds consist of mucosal layer covering vocalis muscle alternating tension in vocal cords and the degree of glottis opening results in changes in pitch
30
what are the false vocal cords
ventricular folds | do not contain muscle but aid in creating resonance - do not create the sound
31
trachea
``` short flexible tube held open by cartilaginous rings that do not close all the way, C shaped trachealis muscle mucosal escalator of PSCC bifurcates at carina ```
32
trachealis muscle
constricts to allow air to be expelled forcefully | - if something "goes down the wrong pipe" and you cough
33
trachea splits in 2 at the carina, describe the 2 splits
on the right bronchi: whiter, straighter on left bronchi: angled more, narrow - bc it has to go around heart so if inhale something it is most likely to go to the right lung as opposed to the left lung
34
structure of bronchi
3 divisions has MALT/BALT PSCC gradually transitions to ciliated cuboidal - no cartilage in bronchioles muscularis layer
35
muscularis layer
located between mucosa and submucosa allows for regulation of diameter bronchodilation - sympathetic bronchoconstriction-parasympathetic
36
bronchioles structure
all have smooth muscle | ciliated cuboidal changes to non-ciliated, rounded Clara cells
37
clara cell protein
secreted to prevent walls of bronchioles from collapsing (sticking together) during expiration
38
atelectasis
closes off an area of the lungs - cannot get oxygen into it | lungs collapsing since not as much cartilage
39
alveoli roles
- site of gas exchange - each alveolus is surrounded by capillary network - terminal alveolar sac is surrounded by layer or clusters of alveoli - alveolar pores: allow movement of air between alveoli
40
type I pneumocytes
majority of alveolus wall, squamous epithelium carry out gas exchange unable to undergo mitosis
41
type II pneumocytes
secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension | progenitors to type I
42
alveolar macrophages
defensive cells | primarily phagocytic
43
how to keep alveolar macrophages under control
liver produces alpha antitrypsin which works against the secretion of the macrophages to keep them in balance
44
purpose of surfactant
lipoprotein, secretion that decreases surface tension | -alveoli are aqueous and water has lots of surface tension so surfactant helps to dec the surface tension
45
what would happen if you didn't have surfactant like in premature babies?
- you would get surface tension and inhaling would be difficult - ex: trying to blow up a little balloon by mouth is very hard bc it sticks together, once you start to expand it is easier bc you have passed the max surface tension level premature babies: trying to inhale is forceful an exhausting, can physically apply surfactant or use baby monitors
46
alveoli and smoking
alveoli irritated, they over secrete and if not in check they break down their own elastic tissue so alveoli will expand but never recoil and now you have dead air space that cannot do gas exchange - emphysema
47
compliance | high vs low
compliance: ability of lungs to expand high compliance: expansion with ease low compliance: resistance to expansion
48
what inc/dec compliance
inc compliance: elastic fibers as well as recoil -surfactant reduces surface tension and therefore inc compliance dec compliance: surface tension
49
Bohr Effect
inc CO2 causes shift to the right due to inc acidity CO2 produced in muscle cells- lots of respiration so as Hb circulates to this area you want a dec in O2 affinity to let it go into tissues
50
under what conditions do you want O2 to be released
high CO2 or low pH
51
Haldane Effect
oxygenation of blood dec the CO2 carrying capacity of Hb deoxygenation inc CO2 carrying capacity due to Hb binding H+
52
Boyle's Law
P is inversely proportional to volume so higher volume, lower P lower volume, higher P
53
inspiration
inc thoracic volume so dec P you contract the diaphragm and pull it down now the P outside the body is greater than in the lungs so air cn flow into the body
54
expiration
dec thoracic volume, inc P | diaphragm relaxes back to normal and now the P inside body is greater than the P outside body so you exhale
55
intrapleural P
P of space between the cavity wall and the external surface of the lung remains lower in both inspiration and expiration
56
serous fluid
in intrapleural space aids in attachment of lungs to the rib cage only need a small amount surface tension of the serous fluid holds the lung tissue to the wall
57
inspiratory mechanics (2 each primary and accessory)
primary: - external intercostals: more superficial between ribs, originate at lower edge of rib and insert on superior edge of rib beneath it to help open the rib cage - diaphragm accessory: - sternocleidomastoids and scalenes - turn head, they lift up on sternum, clavicle to open ribs
58
expiratory mechanics (1 primary, 2 accessory)
primary: - passive - let diaphragm relax accessory: - internal intercostals: deeper, originate on superior surface of lower rib, insert on upper rib so when they contract they pull the ribs in and dec volume - abdominal muscles - contract to push out more air
59
what does spirometry measure
ventilation NOT perfusion!!!
60
ventilation vs perfusion
ventilation: mechanical breathing perfusion: gas exchange
61
measurements to determine with spirometry
-lung volumes and capacities how much the lungs can exchange, hold, how fast you can move things in and out -airflow rate -changes over time
62
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
tidal volume
63
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
64
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
65
amount of air remaining in lungs after forced exhalation
residual volume (RV)
66
maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a maximum inspiratory effort
total lung capacity
67
maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort
vital capacity (VC)
68
maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a norml expiration
inspiratory capacity
69
volume of air remaining in lungs after normal tidal volume expiration
functional residual capacity
70
how is hypercapnia going to effect the respiration rate
hypercapnia = inc CO2 so you wil have a dec in pH - acidosis situation you will inc respiration rate
71
how does hypocapnia effect respiration rate
hypocapnia: dec CO2 so high pH you will dec respiration rate
72
how does hypoxia effect respiration rate
hypoxia = not enough oxygen | you will inc the respiration rate to get more oxygen
73
parasympathetic and sympathetic effects on respiration rate
parasympathetic: dec respiration rate sympathetic: inc respiration rate
74
dec/inc in blood volume/P effects on respiration rate
dec in blood volume/P: inc respiration rate inc blood volume/P: dec respiration rate

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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