Exam 4: Digestive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where does the duodenum receive secretions from

A

liver and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

main function of duodenum

A

carries out majority of chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

duodenal secretions (4)

A

secretin
CCK
GIP
Maltase, sucrase, lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

secretin

A

triggered by acid from stomach
stimulates pancreas and gallbladder to release water and bicarb
water to dilute the acid and bicarb to neutralize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CCK

A

gives contractions in gallbladder and secretions from pancreas to have enzymes coming in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

GIP

A

released if eat heavy meal and ned to slow the release of nutrients coming through from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

maltase, sucrase, lactase

A

enzymes released from wall of duodenum
take disaccharides and break into simple sugars - rest of digestion

maltase and sucrase produce for rest of life
lactase: some people can only make when young and become lactose intolerant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

duodenum secretions received from gallbladder (liver)

A
  • bile salts: emulsify fats, lipid and cholesterol with charged ends, embed in larger complexes of fats to repel and break down
  • bicarbonate: neutralizes
  • wastes: billirubin, cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

duodenum secretions received from pancreas

A

amylases - break carbohydrates
proteases and peptidases-activated by enterokinases, into AA
lipase: fats
nuclease: nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

portal system of liver

A
  • to absorb from intestines and stomach and salvage operations in spleen
    -many portal veins
    -superior mesenteric vein: SI and beginning of LI
    -inferior mesenteric vein: lower part of LI, colon
    -gastrosplenic vein: combo of gastro and spleen
    fuse to get hepatic portal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

functions of the liver (7)

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism: regulating blood glucose levels
  • lipid metabolism: breaks down fats, processes cholesterol and triglycerides, produes bile salts
  • protein metabolism: proteins for clotting, transport, plasma proteins, proteins for gluconeogenesis
  • detoxification of drugs and hazardous materials

vitamin D activation
storage
excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are secretions of the liver stored

A

gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

nutrients absorbed from the lower GI tract and spleen are directed to the liver through the

A

hepatic portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

exocrine secretions from pancreas (5)

A

pancreatic amylase: carbohydrates into disaccharides
proteases: trypsin and chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
pancreatic lipase
nucleases: ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if gallstone blocks common bile duct

A

no waste products coming in, no bicarb or bile salts coming through
issue with jaundice bc billirubin build up - problem digesting and breaking down nutrients
-painful but not life-threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if gallstone down in ampulla

A

blocks secretions from the pancreas itself
pancreas stimulated anytime food passes into SI - keeps sending CCK signals
if blocked, activated enzymes attack pancreas, pancreatitis
liver and pancreas damaged
CAN kill you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

jejunum

A

primary site of nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

plica circulares

A

jejunum permanent transverse folds tha are covered in villi that have microvilli (high SA)

Plica, villi, microvill - all inc absorbitive SA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

absorption in villi of jejunum - 2 ways

A

capillary bed

lacteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

capillary bed absorption in villi (5)

A

glucose and galactose - cotransport with Na+
fructose: facilitated diffusion
AA: active transport
Small lipids: simple diffusion
water soluble vitamins (C and most B) - active transport - NO B12 until ileum

21
Q

lacteal absorption - villi (2)

A

lacteal: lipid capillary
cholesterol and fatty acids - absorbed in complexes (chylomicrons)- brings into blood supply to be processed
fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)

22
Q

how do chylomicrons transport lipids from the diet

A

through the lymph and into the circulatory syste

23
Q

Apoproteins

A

form the transport unit and regulate interaction with tissues

24
Q

ApoC

A

transport and interaction with adipose to put triglycerides into storage

25
ApoE
interaction with hepatic and nerve cells | helps give cholesterol or fat to nerve cells
26
remnants of chylomicrons are taken up by the liver and used to produce
VLDLs
27
VLDLs
distribute lipids to the tissues
28
HDLs
used as scavenging system to return cholesterol to the liver
29
ApoA
HDLs help bind and transport cholesterol
30
dietary fat processing once in bloodstream (endogenous pathway)
-some fatty acids may get taken out by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle -IDL: chylomicron dropped off some triglycerides can give off all triglycerides and just have cholesterol - LDL taken into liver
31
if excess cholesterol and fats than you need
need to scavenge, receptor dependent pathway - their tissues need for hormones or membranes can get from LDL supply can get plaques macrophages help clean up
32
while liver making and putting out LDLs it also makes
HDLs that have no cholesterol , they are the scavengers and go into the blood nd pick up cholesterol to clean it out then return to liver and throw it out with bile
33
should you be concerned if lowHDLs but normal LDLS
yes bc HDLs help clean up the excess cholesterol
34
ileum
absorbitive but less SA than jejunum primarily absorbs water and electrolytes lost in secretions receptors to transport/absorb complex of intrinsic factor and V B12 Peyer's patches aid in immunological defense
34
ileum
absorbitive but less SA than jejunum primarily absorbs water and electrolytes lost in secretions receptors to transport/absorb complex of intrinsic factor and V B12 Peyer's patches aid in immunological defense
35
3 types of enterogastric reflexes
enterogastric reflex gastrocolic reflex colonileal reflex
36
enterogastric reflex
high acid levels inhibit gastrin and slow stomach emptying
37
gastrocolic reflex
distension of stomach inc motility in intestines why when osmeone eats they have to use restroom 25-40 min later - moves through intestines to make more room for new food coming in
38
coloineal reflex
regulates movement from SI to colon (ileocecal valve)
39
large intestine (colon) structure
thinner walls than SI several ribbons of smooth muscle (tenia coli) run the length of colon Haustrations or pouches of the wall are connected to the tenia coli appendix at end of colon
40
appendix composition
lmphatic tissue - role in maintaining normal flora - defensive mechanism
41
what does the normal flora produce
several vitamines (K, biotin, B5) that are absorbed in colon - normal bacteria produces here like E.coli also takes up space to outcrowd the bacteria when people take large doses of antibiotics like erythromycin they can kill off and dirupt normal flora - GIupset
42
what does the colon absorb
electrolytes and water
43
where is the rectum in women vs men
women: behind uterus - uterus between bladder and rectum men: behind bladder
44
diverticulosis
when weak area of colon (diverticula) from out-pockets in the wall not a lot of fiber in diet , suffering from constipation - get openings - not smooth walls
45
divertiulitis
if divertiulosa become infected this painful and dangerous condition develops when you get something stuck in here - if ruptures: can get peritonitis which is life threatening if swelling but no rupture - get blockage and causes necrosis of tissue if another intestine closer can get fistula genetic predisposition for some
46
defecation
peristaltic activity moves fecal mater from colon into rectum distension of rectal wall initiates defecation reflex contraction of rectal wall puts P on internl sphincter opening internal sphincter puts P on external (voluntary) anal sphincter which can be opened to expel feces if no defecation: feces return to sigmoidal colon until peristaltic waves inc P
47
how can gas pass without opening the external sphincter
channels/grooves in anal canal