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Anatomy and Physiology II > Exam 2: Endocrine Pt.1 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Endocrine Pt.1 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

the endocrine system works with the nervous system to…

A

regulate homeostasis

handle stressors

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2
Q

both the nervous system and endocrine system

A

release chemical signals and hormones to affect target cells

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3
Q

difference between signals released in nervous system and endocrine system

A

nervous system: releases signal in close proximity to its target simply crossing a synapse

endocrine system: signals released into bloodstream and can affect multiple targets, some distant to the gland

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4
Q

responses in nervous system vs endocrine system

A

nervous system: quick and reversible

endocrine system: slower, not reversible at times

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5
Q

how are hormones classified

A 
chemical structure (AA derivatives, peptides, lipids)
 mechanisms (2nd messengers, direct)
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6
Q

derivatives of tyrosine and tryptophan

A

AA derivatives

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7
Q

ranges from small peptide to large glycoproteins

most are produced as inactive prohormones

A

peptide derivative

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8
Q

consists of both steroids and eicosanoids

A

lipid derivatives

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9
Q

hormones bind membrane bound receptors

ex: peptide, tryptophan derivatives, eicosanoids

A

second messengers

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10
Q

hormones bind intracellular receptors, receptor/hormone complex acts as transcription factor
ex: tyrosine derivatives and steroids

A

direct mechanism

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11
Q

what is the hypophysis (pituitary gland) controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

where is the hypophysis located

A

under the hypothalamus

sits in the sella turcica of the ethmoid bone

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13
Q

infundibular stalk

A

connects hypothalamus to the pituitary

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14
Q

2 types of development of the hypophysis

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

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15
Q

part of pituitary made of glandular epithelium that receives releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to direct secretion

A

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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16
Q

parts of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

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17
Q

pars diatalis

A

largest part

produces all anterior hormones in adults

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18
Q

pars tuberalis

A

surrounds infundibulum

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19
Q

pars intermedia

A

area immediately anterior to the neurohypophysis

normally not active in adults

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20
Q

composed of neuron extensions from cell bodes in the hypothalamus
stores and releass hormones produced in hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

neurohypophysis

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21
Q

2 capillary beds connected by veins

A

portal system

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22
Q

where is the hypophyseal portal system found

A

adenohypophysis

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23
Q

RH and IH are released by ____ into a capillary network supplied by the _____

A

hypothalamus

superior hypophyseal artery

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24
Q

what delivers the signals to the capillary bed in the adenohypophysis

A

hypophyseal portal veins

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25
hormone leave the hypophysis through the
hypophyseal veins
26
what is the neurohypophysis supplied by
inferior hypophyseal artery | - it does NOT use a portal system
27
hormones from the adenohypophysis are...
tropic hormones - release regulated by hypothalamus
28
tropic hormones
necessary for the function, stimulation, and metabolic support of other endocrine glands or organs
29
regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
negative feedback loop based on circulating thyroid hormone levels
30
what do low thyroid hormone levels result in
TSH RH from the hypothalamus
31
action of thyroid stimulating hormone
upregulates iodide pumps in thyroid membrane stimulates hormone production protects thyroid cells from apoptosis
32
what are variations in TSH efficacy linked to?
modifications in carbohydrate moiety of glycoprotein | - dec in carb inc binding but dec efficacy
33
regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
negative feedback loop based on circulating glucocorticoids (cortisol) low hormone level results in CRH
34
action of ACTH
upregulates cholesterol by increasing LDL receptors in the adrenal cortex stimulates hormone production stimulates initial hydrolysis of pregnenolone aids in general cortical maintenance
35
what is ACTH produced from and wat about the waste products?
produced through POMC can get MSH as a product high levels of breakdown products can target melanocytes in skin
36
if abnormally high ACTH...
high MSH like products - get darkening of skin and mucous membranes
37
regulation of growth hormone
varied, released in response to developmental signals fluctuates with circadian rhythms stimulated by ghrelin inhibited by negative feedback of IGF-1 GHRH inc transcription and secretion GHIH: inhibits release, no effect on production
38
action of growth hormone on liver
diabetogenic effect stimulates glucogenolysis stimulates production and release of IGF-1 which targets muscle, bone, cartilage to increase AA uptake and growth
39
action of growth hormone on adipose
stimulates lipolysis | glucose sparing effect - use fats for energy to save glucose for those that can only use glucose
40
2 gonadotropins and function
FSH, LH | regulate reproductive activity
41
regulation of gonadotropin (FSH)
negative feedback loop low levels of circulating sex hormones stimulates GnRH from hypothalamus GnRH is inhibited by inhibin
42
action of gonadotropin FSH
depends on sex females: promotes follicle development and production of estradiols male: stimulates sertoli cells and promotes sperm maturation
43
what is production of FSH like in females vs males
females it is cyclical while in males it is relatively constant
44
regulation of gonadotropin LH females
combined negative feedback of progesterone levels and high levels of estrogen
45
regulation of gonadotropin LH in males
negative feedback loop of testosterone levels
46
action of gonadotropin LH females
triggers ovulation | increases estrogen and progesterone secretion
47
action of gonadotropin LH males
promotes testosterone production in interstitial cells of Leydig
48
what do the interstitial cells of Leydig secrete
testosterone
49
regulation of prolactin
varied, involves developmental signals | unlike other pituitary hormones PRL is secreted unless inhibited - secretion is blocked by dopamine
50
what can stimulate PRL release
high estrogen levels and the reflex arc involved in nursing
51
action of prolactin both sexes
stimulate thymus activity and immune response
52
action of prolactin females vs males
females: stimulates mammary development and lactation males: increases LH sensitivity in Leydig cells
53
what cells in the body can produce PRL (prolactin)
pituitary and many others!!
54
regulation of MSH - Pars intermedia
developmental signals in fetus and newborns
55
action of MSH
stimulates pigment production in skin
56
is MSH active in adults?
NO | MSH produced in response to UV radiation
57
what is MSH produced by
placenta can cause characteristic pigment changes in pregnant woman - linea nigra on abdomen -increased pigment in areola - melasma (darker blotchy patches on face)
58
the neurohypophysis contains extensions of?
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
59
what do the supraoptic nuclei secrete?
antidiuretic hormone
60
what do the paraventricular nuclei secrete?
oxytocin | - responds to stretch receptors
61
regulation of antidiuretic hormone
reflex arc stimulated by osmoreceptors for solute concentration and baroreceptors for blood volume
62
action of antidiuretic hormone
V1: vasoconstriction V2: inc aquaporins/water permeability in kidney collecting tubules
63
the releas of what hormone is inhibited by alcohol
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
64
regulation of oxytocin
reflex arc stimulated by stretch receptors in smooth muscle
65
action of oxytocin in both sexes
targets receptors in brain that promote pair bonding/maternal behavior
66
action of oxytocin in females
stimulates smooth muscle contractions in uterus during labor in mammary ducts during nursing in uterus and vagina in sexual intercourse
67
action of oxytocin in males
stimulates smooth muscle contractions in ductus deferens and prostate during ejaculation

Anatomy and Physiology II (21 decks)

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