exam 2 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
energy expenditure equation
A
fuel+O2= energy+heat+CO2+h2o
2
Q
heat
A
direct calorimetry
3
Q
O2 and CO2
A
indirect calorimetry
4
Q
40% of substrate energy from
A
ATP
5
Q
60% of substrate energy from
A
heat
6
Q
direct calorimetry
A
measures energy expenditure directly t
7
Q
indirect calorimetry
A
measures metabolic gases to indirectly measure energy expenditure
8
Q
measuring energy expenditure =
A
estimates the total body energy expenditure based on O2 used and CO2 produced
9
Q
O2 used in
A
ETC
10
Q
CO2 is produced in
A
Krebs and PDH
11
Q
VO2
A
volume of O2 consumed per minute
12
Q
calculating VO2=
A
volume of inpsired O2 -volume of expired O2
13
Q
why does venous blood have lower O2
A
tissues have consumed the oxygen out of it
14
Q
VCO2
A
volume of CO2 consumed per minute
15
Q
calculating VCO2=
A
volume expried -volume inpsired
16
Q
whis is CO2 breathed out larger than CO2 breathed in
A
CO2 production in bioenergetics and the extra CO2 enters the blood as a waste product
17
Q
venous blood CO2 content is
A
high
18
Q
arterial blood CO2 content is
A
lower
19
Q
(A-V) O2 difference
A
subtracting arterial from Venous and getting O2 difference
20
Q
lowest VO2 =
A
resting or RMR
21
Q
highest VO2 =
A
VO2 max
22
Q
everytime RER =0.80
A
RER eq. = 4.80 kcals/ L O2
23
Q
everytime RER= 0.95
A
RER eq. = 4.99 kcals/ L O2
24
Q
Maximal VO2 uptake (VO2 peak)
A
point at which O2 consumption doesnt increase with further increase in intensity
25
aterial blood O2
highest because blood has just gone through the lungs
26
venous blood O2
lowest because blood has passed through the tissues
27
Vo2 max best measures
fitness
28
adaptions that can increase VO2 peak
1. increase mitochondria
2. increase hemoglobin
3. increase mypglobin
4. add capillaries
29
absolute VO2 peak
L/min
better used in non weight bearing actiives
30
relative Vo2 peak
ML/kg/min
most accurate when comparing
-body sizes
-body composition
-sexes
31
criteria for reaching VO2 max
1. plataue in O2 uptake
-< 2 ml/kg/min difference during last 2 minutes
2. HR
->95% max HR
3. RER > 1.10
2 of 3
32
how to find predicted HR
220-AGE
33
VT
Point at which VE/Vo2 begins to rise disproportionately and without a corresponding increase in VE/VO2
-follows lactate threshold
when ventilation begins to increase disproportionately
34
ventilatory threshold equivalents
VE/VCO2
VE/VO2
35
lactate threshold
when lactate begins to appear in the blood
36
mitochondria consumes
pyruvate but all of it that cannot be consumed spills over into the blood
37
fatigue after VT and LT
increase acidity (decrease in Ph)
increase in H
buffering capacity is overwhelmed
38
acidity inhibits which bioenergetic pathways
glycolysis, krebs and ETC
39
VT and LT indicate
performance
40
indirect calorimetry limitations
1. CO2 production may not =CO2 exhalation
2. RER inaccurate for protein oxidation
3. lactate use a fuel produces RER about 1.0 due to CO2 exhalation
4. gluconeogenesis produces RER <0.70
41
1 L O2/min =
5 kcals
42
1 met =
3.5 ml/kg/min
43
light intnesity =
< 3.0 mets
44
medium intensity =
3.0-5.9 Met
45
high intensity =
> 6.0 met
46
metabolic rate =
rate of energy used by body
47
RMR
rate of energy used at rest and to sustain life
48
steady state
when the work is constant
49
VO2 consumption, metabolic rate, and VO2 increase with
exercise
50
O2 deficit
O2 demand is greater than O2 consumed
51
pathways that supply energy during O2 deficit
PCR and glycolysis
52
EPOC
represents that difference between O2 consumption and O2 demand
-O2 consumed is greater than demand
53
reasons for EPOC
1. elevated hormones
2. oxidizing lactate
3. thermoregulation
4. ion redistribution
5. elevated breathing and HR
54
anaerobic sports
high intensity
short duration
bioenergetics - PCr, glycolysis (incomplete)
55
successful endurance athletes have
High Vo2 max
high LT
high economy of effort
high % of type 1 fibers
56
high LT =
better endurance performance
57
fatigue
decrements in muscular performance with continued effort
2. inability to maintain required power output to continue muscular work at given intensity
58
fatigue causes
1. inadequate energy delivery
2. accumulation of metabolic pathways
3. heat
4. altered neural control of muscle contraction
59
inadequate energy delievery
Phosphocreatine depletion
PCr is used for short term intensity
60
glycogen depletion =
hitting a wall
61
fiber type recruitment
Type 1 first
type 2a (moderate-high Intensity)
type 2x recruited last (maximal intensity)
62
H+ accumulates during a brief high intensity exercise causes
a decrease in muscle PH
63
Altered neural control of muscle contraction
failure may occur at the neuromuscular junction, preventing muscle activation
64
endocrine system
message delivery system
65
hormone-producing tissue
glands and pancreas
66
target cells
cells that a hormone communicates with
67
non steroid hormones communication
binds to an exterior cell membrane
-stimulates secondary messengr
68
non steroid hormones are made from
amino acids and not lipid soluble
69
protein/peptide hormones
insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
70
amino acid derived hormone
thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine
71
steroid hormone communication
all hormones deliver a message inside the cell
72
steriod hormones are made from
cholesterol
lipid soluble
73
examples of steroid hormone
adrenal hormone (cortisol) , sex hormones
74
homeostasis and feedback system
1. stimulus
2. receptor
3. control center
4. effector
5. stimulus reduced
75
the primary role of the endocrine system is to maintain body homeostasis
-blood sugar
-body temp
-metabolism
-blood calcium
-blood pressure
-hydration
76
negative feedback loop
increased output from system; inhibits system output
77
stimulus
homeostasis deviation from set point
78
control center
trigger whatever can fix it
79
effector
resolving the problem
80
more hormone means greater
action
81
hormone action is dependent on
the number of working receptors
82
receptor amount can change due to
up and down regulation
83
upregulation
increase number of receptors
84
downregulation
decreases number of receptors
85
steroid receptors are found
inside the cell
86
steroid hormone binds to
DNA and regulates mRNA to transcription and translation
87
Nonsteroid hormone receptors are
second messengers
88
common secondary messenger
cAMP
89
anterior pituitary gland located
inferior to hypothalamus
90
___ causes anterior pituitary glands to secrete
exerecise
91
GHRH releases
GH from anterior pit gland
92
GH
anabolic
-promotes muscle growth
-stimulates fat metabolism via lipolysis
93
thyroid gland located in
neck and trachea
94
thyroid gland releases
T3 and T4
95
order of how thyroid gland releases hormones
1. hypothalamus is stimulated by exercise
2. that releases TRH
3. anterior pituitary releases TSH
4. travels to thyroid and stimulates T3 and T4 release
96
T3 and T4 lead to increases in
Metabolic water, protein synthesis, # and size of mitochondria, glucose uptake by cells
97
Exercise increases TSH release which increases
T4 releases
98
Adrenal gland releases
catecholamines (fight or flight)
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-Cortisol
99
epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by
nervous system
100
catecholamine release increases
HR, Contractile force, BP, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, blood flow
101
once the hypothalamus is stimulated it releases CRH which causes the Anterior pituitary to
release ATCH which then releases cortisol
102
functions of cortisol
increase protein catabolism
-decrease in protein synthesis
-decrease in muscle mass
103
pancreas
releases insulin to correct blood sugar
104
insulin is a ___ hormone
anabolic
-helps store excess energy from a meal
inhibits catabolic processes
105
glucago is a ___ hormone
catabolic
-helps makes energy available for muscles
106
anabolic and inhibits catabolic
glycogenolysis, proteolysis, lipolysis
107
glucagon
raises blood glucose
108
target cells for glucagon
liver and skeletal muscle
109
catabolic hormones
liberates stored nutrients
110
catabolic hormones are released during
exercise
111
hormones that help maintain available glucose via glycogenolysis and/or gluconeogenesis
-glucagon
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-cortisol
112
glycogenolysis
glycogen breaks down into glucose
113
lipolysis is stimulated by
-decrease in insulin
-increase in epinephrine
-increase in norephrphine
-increase cortisol
-increase GH
114
stimulate lipolysis via
HSL
115
respiratory system purpose
to bring O2 into and remove CO2 from the body
116
respiratory system is carried out by
1. pulmonary diffusion
2. pulmonary ventilation
3. gas exchange
117
exchange zone
alveoli and capillaries
118
gase diffuses from
high to low concentrations
119
arterial blood
high PO2
low PCO2
120
venous blood
low PO2
high PCO2
121
pulmonary gase exchange 2 major functions
1. replenish blood oxygen
2. removes carbon dioxide
122
blood path =
right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to pulmonary capillaries to pulmonary veins to left atrium
123
only 1/3 of lungs is filled due to
vascular shunting
124
top 2/3 of the lungs open during
exercise
125
vascular shunting releases because
relaxing of arteriole smooth muscle
126
gas exchange at the muscles =
capillary diffusion
127
myoglobin transports within
muscle
-protein with one Heme (FE)V
128
hemoglobin transports O2 from
lungs to muscle
129
loading
hemoglobin binding to O2
130
unloading
hemoglobin letting go of O2
131
hb has a tight group on O2 in the
lungs
132
hb has a weak group on O2 in the
muscle
133
myoglobin has a ____ for PO2
high affinity
134
myoglobin does not have
cooperative binding
135
factors influencing O2 delivery and uptake by the muscle
1. O2 content of blood -higher O2 content of blood creates a larger gradient for tissue exchange
2. blood flow - decrease blood flow =decrease in opportunity to deliver O2 to tissue
3. local conditions (ph, temperature, PCO2)
136
transport O2 into blood by
hemoglobin
137
cooperative binding
the more HB binds to O2 the higher its affinity for all 4 O2
138
Hb is loaded with O2
at the lungs and pumped to the systemic circulation
139
hemoglobin unloading
decrease in PO2 causes HB to unload
140
bohr effect
increased affinity=less unloading (Left shift)
decreased affinity= more unloading (right hift
141
more acidic =
more unloading
142
increase temperature
promotes tissue O2 unloading during exercise
143
PCO2 increase =
increased blood CO2= HB curve shifts to right = more unloading
144
transport of CO2 in the blood in 3 ways
1. as bicarbonate ions
2. dissolved in plasma
3. bound to Hb (carbaninohemoglobin)-
145
O2 binds to the ___ portion of HB
heme
146
CO2 binds to the ___ portion of HB
protein
147
acid
high PH
low H
148
basic
low PH
high H
149
buffering
soak up all the H
150
cardiovascular system purpose
1. transportation -O2 and nutrients
2. Removes CO2
3. transports hormones
4. enables homeostasis
5.immune function
151
3 major circulatory elements
1. a pump
2. pipes and tubes
3. a fluid
152
arterial circulation
blood moving away from heart
-oxygenated
153
venous circulation
blood is moving towards the heart
-deoxygenated
154
all arteries but ___ have oxygenated blood
pulmonary Artery
155
All veins but the ____ have high levels of CO2
pulmonary viens
156
pressure is low in the
capiallries
157
arterioles
control blood flow and feed capillaries
-resistance vessels
158
capillaries
site of nutrient and waste exchange
159
venules
collect blood from capillary beds
160
contraction =
systole
161
relaxation =
diastole
162
highest pressure in the
aorta and arteries
163
lowest pressue in the
capillaries and veins
164
site of most potent vasoconstriction and vasodilation
arterioles
165
right heart
venous return and to the pulmonary circulation
-receives blood from the body
-pumps deoxygenated blood from veins to lungs
166
left heart
pulmonary return and aorta and systemic circulation
-receives oxygenated blood from lungs
-pumps oxygenated blood to body
167
intrinsic blood flow
coming from within in the vessel
168
3 types of intrinsic control
1. metabolic
2. endothetial
3. myogenic
169
baseline sympathetic activity
vasomotor tone
170
increase sympathetic activity
increase vasoconstriction
171
decrease sympathetic activity
decrease Vasocontrstiction
172
top chambers receive from
vena cava and pulmonary vein
173
bottom chambers pump to
pulmonary artery and aorta
174
myocardium
heart muscle
-type 1
-high number of mitochondria
175
cardiac muscle connected by
intercalated disks and desomones and gap junctions
176
what side has the most myocardium
left ventricle
177
SA node
initiates contraction signal
-pacemaker cells
-stimulates Right atrium and left atrium
178
Av node
delays, relays signals to ventricles
179
av bundle
relays signal to Rv and LV
-divides into right and left branches
-sends signal to apex
180
Purkinje fibers
send signal into RV and LV
181
extrinsic parasympathetic nervous system
reaches the heart via vagus nerve
-creates vagal tone
-carries the impulse to SA and AV node
-decrease HR
182
extrinsic sympathetic nervous system
-carries impulse to SA and Av nodes
-increase Hr
-releases norepinephrine = depolarization
183
p wave
atrial depolarization
184
QRS complec
ventricular depolarization
185
T wave
ventricular repolarization
186
heart sound 1 "lub"
atrial valve closes
187
reaming blood in the ventricle after contraction
end-systolic volume
188
heart sound 2 "dub"
aortic valve closes
189
maximum volume of blood in the ventricle
end-diastole volume
190
stroke volume
volume of blood pumped in one heart beat
