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muscle contraction Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary
lines the hollow organs like the stomach and small intestines

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntary
heart muscle

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary
attached to skeleton

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4
Q

entire muscle

A

surrounded with epimysium
-consists of many bundles (fasciculi)

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5
Q

fasciculi

A

surrounded by perimysium
-consists of individual muscle cells (fibers)

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6
Q

muscle fiber

A

surrounded by Endomysium
-myofibrils divided into sarcomeres

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7
Q

mysiums are all

A

connective tissues

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8
Q

size of skeletal muscle fibers (largest to smallest)

A

EPI, PERI, ENDO

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9
Q

sarcolemma

A

contains plasmalemma and basement membrane
-transmits force and is subjected to substantial stress during contractions

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10
Q

plasmalemma

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers, fuses with tendon which inserts into a bone, conducts action potential for muscle contraction

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11
Q

where does action potential happen

A

plasmamembrane

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12
Q

what is the working part of the sarcolemma of a muscle cell that maintains ph and transports nutrients

A

plasmamembrane

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13
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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14
Q

what does the sarcoplasm have

A

stores glycogen, myoglobin

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

extension of plasmalemma
- carry action potential deep into muscle fiber t get the sarcomeres to shorten inside which contracts the muscle

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16
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

CA2+ storage

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17
Q

myofibrils - built from sarcomeres

A

contractile unit of skeletal muscle
muscle = fasciculi = muscle fiber = myofibril

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18
Q

muscle

A

epimysium

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19
Q

fascicle

A

perimysium

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20
Q

muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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21
Q

myofilaments

A

thick and thin

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22
Q

sarcomeres

A

inside myofibrils
-run end to end of full myofibril length
-basic contractile element of skeletal muscle

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23
Q

alphabetical order of muscle from largest to smallest

A

fascicle, fiber, fibril, and filament

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24
Q

actin

A

thin myofilaments
- contains myosin binding sites

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25
3 proteins that make up filaments
actin, troponin, tropomyosin
26
troponin
binds to calcium released from SR -moves tropomyosin to expose myosin binding site
27
tropomyosin
covers myosin binding site enabling muscle to relax - covers myosin binding site when calcium is within SR
28
myosin
thick myofilaments -heads contain actin -uses atp to "ratchet" have ATPase enzyme
29
ATP
adenosine with 3 phosphate
30
ADP
adenosine with 2 phosphate
31
5 proteins in sarcomeres
1. actin 2. troponin 3. myosin 4. tropmyosin 5. titin
32
myosin stabilizes by
titin
33
anchor points for myosin
m line (end to end) and titin
34
voluntary muscle contraction requires
nervous system, muscle cells, and interdependence
35
motor units
single alpha - motor unit + all fibers it innervates muscle fibers (somatic nervous system) -the more motor units the greater the contractile force
36
neuromuscular junction
site of communication between neuron and muscle -consists of synapse between a motor neuron and muscle fiber
37
excitation-contraction coupling
rapid communication between electrical events occurring in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fibres and Ca2+ release from the SR, which leads to contraction.
38
action potential starts in the
brain
39
ap travels along alpha motor neuron towards
neuromuscular junction
40
ap arrives at NMJ, causes release of
acetylcholine
41
ACH crosses synapse, binds to ACH____ on plasmalemma (motor end plates)
receptors
42
ap travels down plasmalemma and into
T- Tubules as they come along
43
ap inside t- tubules, triggers Ca+2 release from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
44
released _____ enables actin-myosin contraction
Ca+2
45
CA+2 binds to ______ that causes tropomyosin to uncover myosin binding sites
troponin
46
myosin binds to newly uncovered binding sites on actin and ratchets
contraction
47
role of Ca+2 in muscle fibers and contraction
AP arrives at the Axon terminal causing an influx of Ca+2 which causes the release of ACh into NMJ synapse
48
role of Ca+2 in muscle fibers and contraction 2.
ap arrives at myofibril SR via T-tubule -SR arrives to electrical charge -causes mass release of Ca+2 into sarcoplasm
49
role of Ca+2 in muscle fibers and contraction 3.
Ca+2 binds to troponin on thin filament - at rest tropomyosin covers the binding sites -troponin Ca+2 complex moves tropomyosin - myosin binds to actin, contraction can occur
50
sliding filament theory: a relaxed state
no sarcoplasm Ca+2 stored in the SR in this state -tropomyosin is covering myosin binding sites on actin - no actin interaction at the binding site
51
sliding filament theory: contracted state
ap has caused SR to release Ca+2 into the sarcoplasm
52
Ca+2 binds to troponin which causes ____ to move off of myosin binding sites
tropomyosin
53
myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center =
power stroke
54
filaments slide past each other due to
ratcheting
55
type 1 muscle fiber
slow twitch, lower peak tension, slower ATPase, less developed SR, smaller motor units
56
type 2a muscle fiber
fast twitch oxydative
57
type 2b muscle fiber
fast twitch glycolic
58
type 2
fast twitch, higher peak tension, faster ATPase, more developed SR, larger motor units
59
type 1 is RED because
more mitochondria, and more hemoglobin
60
type 1
slow oxidative, more mitochondria with Kreb's, less glycolytic enzymes, peak tension in 110ms, resist fatigue slower ATPase, slower speed of contraction slower Ca+2 release
61
type 2 is white because
less mitochondria, and less hemoglobin
62
type 2
about 25% of fibers in an average muscle -fast glycolic fibers -more glycolytic enzymes -fewer mitochondria -peak tension 50ms -fatigues quicker - more developed SR -faster Ca+2 release -larger motor units
63
muscle fiber types and power
1. motor neuron 2. fiber size 3. SR development
64
endurance athlete
type 1
65
power athlete and sprinters
type 2
66
fast oxidative =
type 2a
67
fast glycolytic
type 2b
68
type 2a
faster fatigue -more glycolytic that type 1 but less than 2x -shorter high intensity endurance events
69
type 2x
very glycolytic, few mitochondria, -used for everyday activities -explosive movements
70
genetic factors
determines which motor neurons innervate fibers - fibers become type 1, 2, 2x based on alpha motor neuron
71
training factors
type 1s can rarely become type 2s and vice versa -but they can become more like another
72
all or none principle
when a motor neuron carries an AP to the muscle fibers, all or none of the fibers will be activated
73
principle of orderly recruitment
Type 1, type 2a, type 2x -your body will only recruit what your body needs
74
size principle
the order of recruitment of motor units is directly related to the size of their motor neuron -smaller motor units are recruited first
75
if minimal force is needed, then only type ____ recruited
type 1
76
if maximal force is needed, then ____ are recruited
ALL fiber types
77
concentric contraction
muscle shortens while producing force -sarcomeres shorten, filaments side toward the center -maximal force development decreases at higher speeds
78
eccentric contractions
muscle lengthens while producing force -cross-bridges form but sarcomeres lengthens -lowering heavyweight -maximal force development increases at higher speeds
79
twitch
single electrical impulse (AP)
80
summation
a series of at least 3 successive stimuli before relaxation from the first
81
tetanus
continued stimulation
82
frequency of stimulation (rate coding)
twitch, summation, tetanus
83
lengthen tension relationship
optimal sarcomere length =optimal over lap too short or too stretch =little or no force develops

ex phis (13 decks)

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