quiz 5 start of exam 2 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
heat
A
direct calorimetry
2
Q
O2 and CO2
A
indirect calorimetry
3
Q
make fuel from
A
CHO, fat, and pro
4
Q
40% of substrate energy =
A
ATP
5
Q
60% of substrate energy =
A
heat
6
Q
energy expenditure equation
A
fuel+ O2-energy +heat +CO2+h20
7
Q
direct calorimetry
A
measures energy expenditure directly
8
Q
indirect calorimetry
A
measures metabolic gases to measure energy expenditure indirectly
9
Q
we use ____ to help burn fuel and produce ____ in that process
A
O2 and CO2
10
Q
estimates total body energy expenditure based in O2 used and CO2 produced and measures ___
A
respiratory gas concentrations
CO2 produced: krebs cycle and PDH
O2 used : ETC
11
Q
glycolysis in the
A
cytoplasm
12
Q
krebs cycle in the
A
mitochondria
13
Q
VO2
A
volume of O2 consumed per minute
-O2 used in tissues (final electron acceptor)
-rate of consumption= O2 used in ETC
14
Q
calculating VO2
A
volume inspired O2-volume of expired O2 (inspired is always larger)
15
Q
volume breathed IN
A
2.26 L/min
16
Q
volume breathed OUT
A
1.24L/MIN
17
Q
VO2 calculated =
A
1.02 VO2
18
Q
relative VO2 =
A
ml/kg/min
19
Q
why is O2 in larger than O2 out
A
arterial blood is highly oxygenated because tissues have not consumed oxygen out of it yet
20
Q
venous blood has much lower O2 because
A
tissues have now consumed oxygen out of it
21
Q
subtract arterial blood from venous blood =
A
get the amount of O2 consumed by your tissues
22
Q
O2 =
A
volume of CO2 consumed per minute
23
Q
CO2 is produced within bioenergetics
A
krebs cycle and PDH
24
Q
rate of CO2 production units
A
l/min and ml/kg/min
25
volume of expired CO2 - volume of inspired CO2 =
VCO2
26
Why is CO2 breathed OUT larger than CO2 breathed IN?
Co2 production in bioenergetics and the extra Co2 enters the blood as a waste product
27
lowest while living =resting VO2
resting metabolic rate (RMR)
28
Respiratory exchange ratio
glucose = 1.0
fat = 0.70
29
RER = VCO2/VO2
ratio between rates of CO2 (VCO2) production and O2 usage (consumption)
30
more carbon atoms in molecules =
more O2 needed
31
more carbons = more acetyl CoA = more krebs spins=
more REs produced = more O2 needed
32
Fat “burns” using proportionately more O2:
Has more carbons which = more acetyl CoAs which = more krebs which = more RE’s which = more ETC
33
RER for 1 molecule of glucose =
1.0
34
RER for 1 molecule palmitic acid
=0.70
35
RER helps us determine
substrate use & kilocalories / O2 efficienc
36
RER for 1 molecule of glucose
1.0
37
RER for 1 molecule palmitic acid
0.70
38
fat RER range
0.6-0.8
39
mixed fuels (cho, fats, protein)
0.8-0.9
40
carbohydrates RER
> 0.9
41
as RER increases so does
RER equivalent
42
fat requires
more O2
43
cho requires
less O2
44
as RER changes
the energy per L O2 changes
45
everytime RER = 0.80
RER equivlant = 4.80 kcals/L O2
46
every time RER = 0,95
RER equivalent = 4.99 kcals/ L O2
47
measuring resting VO2 will be someones
lowest O2 consumption
48
maximal capacity for O2 consumption by the boy during maximal exertion
VO2 max
49
maximal capacity for O2 consumption by the boy during maximal exertion
VO2 max
50
at VO2 you will also
be at maximal energy expenditure/minute
51
maximal O2 uptake (VO2 peak)
point at which O2 consumption doesn't increase with further increasing in intensity
52
VO2 max or VO2 peak
(a-v) O2 difference
53
arterial blood has
highest O2 concentration
54
venous blood has the
lowest O2 consumption
55
muscles extract O2 for energy use in the
ETC
56
VO2 max or VO2 peak is the best measurement
of aerobic fitness
57
training your VO2 peak you can
make more mitochondria
more hemoglobin
more myoglobin
more muscle capillaries
58
absolute VO2 peak
l/min
no units of body weight used
better used in non weight bearing activities
59
relative VO2 peak
ml/ O2/kg/min
units of body weights used
most accurate when comparing: body size, body comp, different sexes
60
normal ranges for untrained: young men
44 to 50 ml/kg/min
61
normal ranges for untrained: young women
38 to 42 ml/kg/min
62
criteria for reaching V\O2 max
1. plateau in oxygen uptake
2. > 95% of predicted heart rate
3. RER of 1.10 or greater
2 of 3 most be made
63
plateau of oxygen uptake
< 2 ml/kg/min difference during last 2 minutes
64
ventilatory threshold
when talking becomes hard to do
breathing changes disproportionately
-point where Ve/VO2 begins to rise disproportionately and without a corresponding increase in VE/VCO2
65
glycolysis is cranked up
b/c its high intensity and need a lot of atp
66
PDH converts
pyruvate to actelyl COA
67
excess pyruvate that inst being consumed by the mitochondria, begins to accumulate in the cytosol and begins to be converted to
lactate accumulates in the cell
68
incomplete oxidation of glucose
pyruvate to lactate
69
sprinter would reach LT sooner than a marathoner
more mitochondria, more oxidative pathways,
sprinter= more glycolysis and few mitochondria
marathoner = few glycolytic enzymes and lots of mitochondria
70
fatigue after VT and LT
-increased acidity = decrease PH
- bioenergetics dysfunction
- breathing difficulty
-increasing buffering of H+ in blood
-increasing CO2 drives breathing
71
increased acidity
increased hydrogen ions : lactate production and ATPase activity
72
acidity inhibits enzymes
glycolysis, krebs, ETC
73
breathing difficulty
VE
74
increases buffering of H in blood
buffering uses bicarb and produces extra CO2
75
VO2
volume of O2 consumed
76
mitochondria consumes
O2
77
increase CO2 causes
hyperventilation
78
CO2
bioenergetics, H+ buffering and bicarb
79
VO2 max tests
fitness
80
VT and LT tests
performance
81
endurance training improves LT
increase in mitochondria
82
define improvement
right ward shift in LT
-run faster before lactate and H+ accumlates
83
RER inaccurate for protein oxidation
nitrogen removal requires energy above that within bioenergetics
84
lactate use as fuel produces RER above 1.0 due to
increase CO2 exhalation
85
gluconeogenesis
produces RER <0.70
86
1 L O2/min
5 kcals
87
1 met
3.5 mL O2/kg/min
88
1 kcal/kg/hour
1 met
89
METs
metabolic equivalents
-the ratio of a metabolic rate (VO2) during a specific activity to a reference metabolic rate
90
the reference metabolic rate is the average BMR
3.5 mlO2/kg/min
91
light intensity
< 3.0 MET
92
moderate intensity
3.0 -5.9 METS
93
high intensity
> 6.0 MET
94
metabolic rate
rate of energy use by body
95
BMR
rate of energy of use at rest
96
energy use to sustain life
supine
thermoneutral environment
after at least 8 hours sleep and fasting
97
metabolic rate energy expenditure
increases with exercise intensity
98
VO2 increases with
exercise intensity
99
O2 deficit
represents the difference between O2 consumption and O2 demand
100
pathways supplying energy
PCR and glycolysis
101
amount of O2 deficit depends on
-intensity of activity
-trained status of person
-genetics
102
O2 deficits equation
O2 required for ATP use - actual O2 consumed
103
Excess Post-exercise O2 Consumption
EPOC - represents the difference between O2 consumption and O2 demand
104
O2 consumed > O2 demand
in early recovery
105
duration of EPOC is typically dictated by
intensity prior to exercise
106
reasons for EPOC
HOTTIE
-elevated hormones (catecholamines)
-oxidizing lactate (higher intensity = more lactate = longer EPOC
-thermoregulation
-ion redistribution (NA+ - K pumps)
-elevated breathing and HR
107
O2 deficit and EPOC
O2 demand > O2 consumed in early exercise
-body incurs O2 deficit
- O2 required -O2 consumed
-occurs when anaerobic pathways used for ATP production
108
O2 consumed > O2 demand in early recovery
excess postexercise O2 consumption (EPOC)
-hormone elevation
-using and excess lactate
-thermoregulation
-ion distribution
-elevated ventilation and HR
109
economy of effort
as athlete practice more, use less energy for given pace
-high trained athlete has lower VO2 for same pace/intensity
110
economy increases once
muscles are warmed up and fully functional
111
increase VO2 =
more energy expenditure
112
fit people go back to baseline
faster
113
successful endurance athletes have
high VO2 max
-high lactate threshold (LT and VT)
-high economy of effort
-high percentage of type 1 muscle fibers
114
anaerobic sports =
high intensity
-short duration
-bioenergetics (PCR, glycolysis, usually incomplete glucose oxidation
115
lactate threshold
the point at which blood lactate accumlation increase markedly
- lactate production rate > lactate clearance rate
-integration of bioenergetics
116
-untrained people LT about ____ VO2 max
55%
117
endurance athletes about ___ VO2 max
75%
118
higher lactate threshold
better endurance performance
119
fatigue in exercise
decrements in muscular performance with continues effort, accompanied by sensations of tiredness
-inability to maintain required power output to continue muscular work at given intensity
120
fatigue and its causes
1. inadequate energy delivery/metabolism
2. accumulation of metabolic by products
3. excessive heat
4. altered neural control of muscle contraction
121
inadequate energy delivery/metabolism
phosphocreatine depletion
PCr depletion
122
supplementing with creatine will postpone
phosphocreatine depletion
123
glycogen depletion
"hitting the wall"
liver: 100 grams = about 400 cals.
muscle: 500 grams = about 2000 cals.
124
fibers recruited first are
depleted fastest
125
type 1 fibers are likely targets due to
orderly recruitment
126
orderly recuitment
type 1, type 2a, type 2x
127
as muscle glycogen decreases
liver glycogenolysis increases
-begin to rely more on liver glycogen to support blood glucose
128
acidosis
H+ accumulates during a brief, high-intensity exercise
-H+ accumulation causes decreases muscle Ph
129
buffers (bicarb) help muscle
ph
130
buffers minimize drop in ph and ph less than 6.9 =
inhibits glycolytic enzymes, ATP synthesis
131
causes of failure of NMJ
1. decrease ACH synthesis and release
2. altered ach breakdown in synapse
3. increase in muscle fiber stimulus threshold (-55)
4. if neural message is not inhibited on motor end plate then Ca+ release from SR will be inhibited
