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quiz 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

hormone-producing tissue

A

mostly glands
-pancreas

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2
Q

endocrine system

A

message delivery system

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3
Q

hormones

A

molecules that deliver a message inside a target cell

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4
Q

target cells

A

cells that a hormone communicates with

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5
Q

Non steroid hormone communication

A

binds to receptor on the exterior cell membrane
-stimulates a secondary messenger
-cAMP - secondary messenger
-glucagon outside the cell

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6
Q

non lipid soluble

A

cannot cross a membrane
-made from amino acids
-require cell surface receptors

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7
Q

non steroid hormones are separated into 2 groups

A

protein and amino acid derived hormones

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8
Q

protein/peptide hormones

A

made from a string of amino acids
-insulin, glucagon, growth hormone

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9
Q

amino acid derived hormone

A

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
-adrenal hormones
-catecholamines (adrenaline)

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10
Q

steroid hormones are made from

A

cholestrol

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11
Q

lipid soluble steroid hormones

A

diffuse through membranes

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12
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

adrenal hormones (cortisol)
sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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13
Q

homeostasis and feedback

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. control center
  4. effector
  5. stimulus reduced
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14
Q

blood sugar

A

body wants it to be between 70-100 mg/dl

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15
Q

hyperglycemic

A

high blood sugar
-insulin
-pancreas senses and releases insulin to lower blood sugar

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16
Q

hypoglycemic

A

low blood sugar
-glucagon
-pancreas senses and releases glucagon raises blood sugar

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17
Q

a primary role of the endocrine system is to maintain the body homeostasis

A
  1. blood sugar
  2. body temp
  3. metabolism
  4. blood calcium
  5. blood pressure
  6. hydration
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18
Q

negative feedback loop:

A

increased output from system inhibits system output
-increases output from the system decreases deviation in homeostasis, enabling homeostasis

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19
Q
  1. stimulus
A

homeostasis deviation from set point or range

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20
Q
  1. sensor
A

thermostat temperature sensor
-hypothalamus

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21
Q
  1. control center
A

thermostat controls trigger of furnace
-hypothalamus

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22
Q
  1. effector
A

furnace/air conditioner producing hot or cold air

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23
Q
  1. restoring temperature to
A

set point or range

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24
Q

moe hormones =

A

usually means “greater action”

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25
hormone action dependent on
amount of working receptors
26
receptor amount can change due to
upregulation and down regulation
27
upregulation
increase number of receptors moe receptors = greater action sensitization
28
desensitization
decrease number of receptors fewer receptors = less action desensitization
29
steroid hormone receptors found
inside cell, cytoplasm or nucleus
30
hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and
binds to DNA, which regulates mRNA synthesis (transcription and translation)
31
nonsteroid hormones receptors are found
on cell membrane (need second messengers)
32
carry out hormone effects inside cells and delivers message via
second messenger
33
common second messengers
cAMP
34
exercises ___ secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones
increases
35
GHRH releases
GH
36
stimulating hypothalamus
GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone
37
higher intensity causes greater release of
GH
38
GH is an _____ hormone
anabolic hormone
39
GH stimulates fat metabolism via
lipolysis
40
thyroid gland releases
T3 and T4
41
hypothalamus is stimulated by
exercise and releases TRH
42
anterior pituitary releases
TSH
43
T3 and T4 lead to increase in
1. metabolic water 2. protein synthesis 3. number and size of mitochondria 4. glucose uptake by cells 5. rate of glycolysis 6. rate of glucogenesis 7. FFA mobilization (MTATTO)
44
exercise increases
TSH release which increases T4 release
45
adrenal gland releases
catecholamines (fight or flight)
46
sympathetic nervous system releases
epinephrine and norepinephrine
47
catecholamine release increases
HR contractile force -blood pressure -glycogenolysis -lipolysis - blood flow
48
when the hypothalamus is stimulated
releases CRH
49
CRH stimulates the antuitary pituitary to release
ATCH
50
ATCH stimulates adrenal gland to release
cortisol
51
functions of cortisol
increase of protein catabolism decrease protein synthesis increase gluconeogenesis increase FFA mobilization
52
pancreas target cells
muscle, fat, and liver cells
53
insulin is an
anabolic hormone
54
insulin inhibits
catabolic processes
55
glucagon is a
catabolic hormone -helps make energy available for muscle
56
anabolic and inhibits catabolic
glycogenolysis proteolysis lipolysis
57
glucagon target cells
liver skeletal muscle
58
liver glycogen
helps maintain blood glucose
59
muscle glycogen
provides local glucose source
60
only liver glucose can be put back into the
blood
61
liver converts glycerol into glucose
glycerol into glucose
62
hormones that help maintain available glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
-glucagon -epinephrine -norepinephrine -cortisol
63
as exercise duration increases
more liver glycogen utilized because muscle glycogen beings to run low
64
as glycogen _____ glucagon levels ___
decreases and increases
65
hormones accelerate
lipolysis
66
MTATO
67
lipolysis stimulated by
1. decrease in insulin 2. increase epinephrine 3. increase epinephrine 4. cortisol 5. GH
68
major functions of cardiovascular system
1. transportation -nutriuents 2. removes CO2 and waste 3. transports hormones 4. enables homeostasis 5. immune function
69
three major circulatory elements (closed system)
1. a pump (heart) 2. pipes/tubes (blood vessels) 3. a fluid (blood) -RBC
70
arterial circulation
blood is moving away from the heart
71
venous circulation
blood is moving towards the heart
72
heart generates ____ to drive blood through arterial circulation
pressure
73
left ventricle contracts
systole
74
arterial circulation
oxygenated
75
venous circulation
deoxygenated
76
arteries carry blood
away from the heart
77
arteries
control blood flow, feed capillaries
78
capillaries
site of nutrients and waste exchange
79
venules
collect blood from capillary beds
80
veins carry blood from venules
back to heart
81
contraction =
systole
82
diastole =
relaxation
83
highest pressure
aorta and arteries
84
lowest pressure
capillaries and veins
85
arterioles =
resistance vessels that lead to capillaries
86
vasoconstriction
making smaller
87
vasodilation
making bigger
88
at rest cardiac output (CO) =
5 L/min
89
liver and kidneys recieve___ of cardiac output
50%
90
skeletal muscle receives ___ of cardiac output
20% 80% during heavy exercise
91
during heavy exercise CO =
25 L/min
92
right heart
venous return and to pulmonary circulation
93
right heart receives systemic
blood from vena cava
94
pump deoxygenated blood from veins to lungs
blood gains O2 and blood loses CO2
95
left heart
pulmonary return and aorta and systemic circulation
96
left heart receives
oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps it back to the body
97
intrinsic blood flow
coming from within blood vessels
98
vascular shunting
the ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them -alters regional flow
99
3 types of intrinsic control
metabolic endothelial myogenic
100
metabolic mechanisms
decrease in O2 increase in CO2, K+, H+
101
endothelial mechanisms
substances secreted by vessel walls Nitric oxide
102

ex phis (13 decks)

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