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Fuel for exercise Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

substrates

A

something that enters a pathway
-carbohydrate, fat protein, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

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2
Q

products

A

something that is made from the pathway
-use fuels to make energy - ATP

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3
Q

metabolism

A

chemical reactions in the body usually performed by enzymes

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4
Q

bioenergetics

A

process of converting substrates into energy
-converting fuels into stored energy (ATP)

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5
Q

fuel is a ____ and ATP is a ____

A

substrate; product

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6
Q

energy is ___ in the ___

A

stored in the phosphate bonds

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7
Q

ATP is ____energy

A

stored

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8
Q

when phosphate is dropped then we get energy

A

ATP–ADP–AMP

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9
Q

ATP =

A

ADP+ enegy+ Pi+ heat

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10
Q

1 calorie =

A

heat energy required to raise 1g of water from 14.5 c to 15.5 c

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11
Q

1 kcal (Calorie) =

A

heat energy required to raise 1 kg of water 1 C

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12
Q

substrates we convert to energy (ATP) using ___

A

bioenergetics

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13
Q

substrates we convert to energy (ATP) using bioenergetics

A

carbohydrates, starches, fatty acids, protein, amino acids
NOT fiber

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14
Q

Myosin

A

breaks bond (cross-bridges) between myosin head and actin-binding spots
-ATPase

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15
Q

Na+-K+ pump (within cell membranes like sarcolemma)

A

enabling RMP to return from repolarization
-ATPase

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16
Q

Ca2+ pumps (within sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane)

A

SR “vacuums” up all sarcoplasm Ca2+
-otherwise, you wouldn’t be able to relax (lengthen) your sarcomeres (muscle)
-troponin and Ca presence
-ATPase

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17
Q

using fuel to make more ATP to continue muscle contraction

A

substrates

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18
Q

where are the bioenergetics pathways to make more ATP to continue muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasm -creatine, glycolysis
mitochondria - beta oxidative, krebs cycle

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19
Q

ATP is not energy, but it

A

stores energy

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20
Q

energy is stored in high-energy

A

phosphate bonds

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21
Q

Energy currency

A

ATP— ATPase–ADP (because of de-phosphorylation)–then phosphorylation to make it ATP again

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22
Q

breaking a high energy phosphate bond to release stored energy

A

de-phosphorylation of ATP

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23
Q

ATP+H20 =

A

ADP + pi + energy

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24
Q

hydrolysis is a

A

chemical reaction

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25
ATPase releases energy from high energy
phosphate bonds
26
most common hydrolysis reaction
H20+ ATP + energy +pi +heat
27
absence of O2 =
substrate phosphorylation of ADP -creatine -glycolysis - PFK and PK enzymes -Krebs cycle - SCS enzyme
28
presence of O2 =
oxidative phosphorylation
29
Electron transfer chain only uses
ATP synthase enzyme
30
three ATP synthesis pathways
-ATP-PCR system -glycolytic system -oxidative system
31
oxidative system (only ETC uses O2)
1. beta-oxidation 2. krebs cycle 3. ETC
32
creatine is not consumed but
recycled to carry phosphates
33
phosphocreatine is used to re-make ATP from
ADP
34
carbohydrates have ___kcals per gram
4
35
glycogen stored in cyostol but in the muscle it is stored in
sarcoplasm
36
primary fuel for the nervous system
brain and nerves
37
fuel for RBC is
glycolysis
38
glycose is only substrate for
glycolysis
39
glucose comes from
blood, diet, liver glycogen -locally from glycogen
40
fat kcal
9
41
because oxidative pathways are slower
ATP demand has to be lower for slow supply to match
42
lipolysis
breaking down lipids
43
made in the mitochondria
beta oxidation, krebs, ETC
44
beta oxidation
takes fatty acids and breaks it down to Acety-CoA
45
Krebs cycle
converts ADP to ATP -acetyl Coa --- OAA
46
ETC
oxidative phosphorylation
47
low glycogen =
increase use of fat as fuel
48
Protein kcal
4
49
amounts of protein used
2-5% at rest -- up to 8% during exercise
50
all amino acids have to be ______ before bioenergetics
de-aminated
51
amino acids in bioenergetics are
glucose, pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA
52
pyruvate and lactate are
carbohydrates
53
pyruvate in first converted back in the ___ then ___
tissues and then mitochandria
54
pyruvate can be converted back to glucose in ___
glucogenesis
55
mass action effect
substrate availability affects enzyme activity -more available substrate = higher pathway activity
56
real limiting enzymes
pathways can only produce as much product as the slowest enzyme
57
glycolytic RLE
hexokinase -HK phosphofructokinase - PFK Pyruvate Kinase - PK -these dictate how much ATP is made
58
if RLE's are stimulated
more atp is made
59
if RLE's are inhibited
less ATP is made
60
controlling bioenergetics through
negative feedback loops
61
substrate level phosphorylation
krebs cycle and beta-oxidation
62
where do you make ATP PCr system
sarcoplasm with substrate PCr
63
glycolytic pathway
sarcoplasm with substrate glucose
64
oxidative pathway
mitochondria with substrate Acetyl CoA and RE -includes beta-oxidation, krebs cycle, ETC
65
PCr energy can be used to
reassemble ATP
65
PCr energy can be used to
reassemble ATP
66
phosphocreatine (PCr)
Atp recycling
67
Ck activity dictates the
rate of ATP production
68
when ATP levels are down
ADP LEVELS ARE UP AND CK IS UP
69
when ATP levels are up
CK activity is down
70
low intensity: ATP levels dont drop much, so CK activity
is low
71
high intensity: ATP level drop quite a bit, so CK activity
is high
72
fast pathway: glycolysis
reliant on glucose availability -found in the sarcoplasm -no O2
73
how much ATP produced for 1 glucose
2-3 ATP
74
glycolysis catabolizes glucose to
pyruvate -1 glucose = 2 pyrvuate
75
ATP yield for glycolysis
2 ATP/ 1 mol glucose in blood 3 ATP glucose from glycogen -lasts for as long as glucose is available
76
glucose carbon number
6
77
1st step of glycolysis
phosphorylate glucose -requires phosphorylate from the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP -blood glucose to glucose 6-phosphate = hexokinase +burn 1 ATP for this step
78
1st step of glycolysis continued
glycogen glucose turns into glucose 6 phosphate
79
3rd step of glycolysis
phosphorylate glucose again (requires phosphate from the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP)
80
3rd step of glycolysis continued
fructose 6 phosphate into fructose 1, 6 diphosphates (added phosphate to fructose carbon1) -1 phosphate to the position of glucose = phosphofructokinase (PFK) -burn 1 ATP for this step
81
4th step of glycolysis
6 molecule broken up into 2, 3-carbon molecules -Aldolase
82
pyruvate and lactate are
3 carbon molecule
83
step 6 of glycolysis
requires NAD+ add phosphate to the 1 position of phosphoglyceraldhyde = 1, dis phosphoglycerate
84
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
dehydrogenase -results in NADH or FADH2
85
NADH is produced and it goes to the
ETC in mitochondria
86
7th step of glycolysis
is to de-phosphorylate 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate -requires ADP -phosphate from 1 position is transferred to ADP -phosphoglycerate Kinase (PK)
87
step 10 of glycolysis
is to dephosphorylate PEP -phosphate from PEP is transferred to ADP -second ATP produced
88
substrates of glycolysis
1. glucose or glucose 1 phosphate 2. ATP 3. ADP 4. NAD+
89
products of glycolysis
1. ATP 2. ADP 3. NADH 4. pyruvate (lactate)
90
controlling glycolysis - rate-limiting enzymes
-PFK -HK -PK
91
controlling glycolysis - negative feedback
inhibited by ATP citrate (slow glycolysis down) activated by ADP and insulin - speed glycolysis up
92
ATP producing enzymes end in
kinase
93
incomplete oxidation of glucose
end product =pryuvate and lactate
94
complete oxidation of glucose
end product = pyruvate to the mitochondria then to Acetyl-CoA and into krebs cycle
95
redction reaction
gaining electrons (signified to us by gaining H+)
96
oxidation reaction
losing electrons. (signified by losing H+)
97
oil rig
o= ox i= is l= losing H r-red i=is g=gaining H

ex phis (13 decks)

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