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Gross Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(159 cards)

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1
Q

Shoulder muscles that originate on the vertebral column/skull

A 
Trapezius
Rhomboid Major
Rhomboid MInor
Levator Scapula
Latissimus Dorsi
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2
Q

Trapezius

Origin

A

External occipital protuberance
Superior nuchal line
Ligamentous nuchae
Spines of the thoracic vertebrae (C7-T12)

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3
Q

Trapezius

Insertion

A

Clavicle

Acromion process and spine of scapula

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4
Q

Trapezius

Actions

A

Stabilizes scapula
Upper portion: elevates scapula
Middle and lower portions: adduct and depress scapula

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5
Q

Trapezius

nerve supply

A

Motor: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
Sensory: C3, C4

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6
Q

Trapezius Palsy

A

Deepening of the shoulder on the affected side

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7
Q

Whiplash injury

A

Beyond tensile strength

-trapezius

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8
Q

Rhomboid Major

Origin

A

Spines/upper thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

Rhomboid Major

Insertion

A

Vertebral border of scapula

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10
Q

Rhomboid minor

Origin

A

Spines/ lower cervical and first thoracic vertebrae

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11
Q

Rhomboid minor

Insertion

A

Vertebral border/scapula

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12
Q

Levator scapula

Origin

A

Transverse processes/upper cervical vertebrae

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13
Q

Levator Scapula

Insertion

A

Superior angle/scapula

Proximal medial border/scapula

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14
Q

Actions of Rhomboids and Levator Scapula

A

Elevates scapula
Adducts scapula
Stabilize scapula

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15
Q

Innervation of Rhomboids and Levator Scapula

A

Dorsal Scapula Nerve (C5)

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16
Q

Damage to Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C5)

A

Difficulty in complete adducting scapula

Scapula further from midline (on affected side)

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17
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Origin

A

Spines/lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Thoracodorsal fascia
Crest/ilium
Lower ribs

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18
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Insertion

A

Intertubercular groove (lesser tubercle)/ humerus

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19
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Actions

A

Extends humerus
Adducts humerus
Medially rotates humerus
Involved with forced expiration

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20
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

Nerve Supply

A

Thoracodorsal (C6, C7, C8)

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21
Q

Weakness or damage to latissimus dorsi

A

Forward displacement of humerus at shoulder joint

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22
Q

Lumbar triangle

A

Latissimus dorsi
Crest of ilium
External oblique muscle

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23
Q

Clinical significance of lumbar triangle

A

Hernia of posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

Triangle of auscultation

A

Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, vertebral border of scapula

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25
Clinical significance of triangle of auscultation
Easily hear lungs sounds
26
Serratus anterior | Origin
Upper 8 or 9 ribs
27
Serratus anterior | Insertion
Vertebral border/scapula
28
Serratus anterior | Actions
Abducts scapula Stabilizes scapula Involved with forced inspiration (only when humerus abducted)
29
Serratus anterior | Nerve
Long thoracic (C5, C6, C7)
30
Long thoracic nerve palsy
Aka winged scapula | Serratus anterior is weakened due to damage to nerve
31
Scapular Muscles
``` Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Major Teres minor ```
32
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor
33
Criteria for Rotator Cuff Muscles
Tendon of insertion must contribute to forming cuff around proximal part of humerus Participate in either lateral or medial rotation of humerus
34
Deltoid | Origin
Clavicle Acromion process Spine of scapula
35
Deltoid | Insertion
Deltoid tuberosity/ humerus
36
Deltoid | Actions
Anterior- flexes and medially rotates humerus Middle- abducts humerus Posterior- extends and laterally rotates humerus
37
Deltoid | Nerve supply
Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
38
Atrophy of deltoid
Aka Crutch Paralysis
39
Supraspinatus | Origin
Supraspinatus fossa/ scapula
40
Supraspinatus | Insertion
Greater tuberosity/ humerus
41
Supraspinatus | Actions
Initiates abduction of humerus Laterally rotates humerus Stabilizes shoulder joint
42
Supraspinatus | Nerve
Suprascapular (C5, C6)
43
Tendon of insertion for supraspinatus is separated from acromion process by
Subacromial and subdeltoid bursa
44
Rotator Cuff Tendonitis
Irritation and inflammation of supraspinatus tendon Aka shoulder impingement Syndrome
45
Causes of rotator cuff tendonitis
``` Genetic Weakness around rotator cuff Excess stress and repetition Trauma/injury Calcium deposits ```
46
Rotator cuff Tears
Tendon usually ruptures at or near insertion
47
Drop test
To evaluate Rotator Cuff Tears Lower fully abducted limb slowly and limb will drop suddenly to patient’s side in uncontrolled manner if tendon torn
48
Bursitis in Rotator Cuff
Inflammation of bursa that separates tendon from acromion process (subdeltoid or subacromial)
49
Infraspinatus | Origin
Infraspinatus fossa/ scapula
50
Infraspinatus | Insertion
Greater tuberosity/ humerus
51
Infraspinatus | Actions
Laterally rotates humerus | Stabilizes shoulder joint
52
Infraspinatus | Nerve
Suprascapular (C5, C6)
53
Subscapularis | Origin
Subscapular fossa/ scapula
54
Subscapularis | Insertion
Lesser tuberosity/ humerus
55
Subscapularis | Actions
Medially rotates humerus | Stabilizes shoulder joint
56
Subscapularis | Nerve
Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6)
57
Teres Minor | Origin
Axillary border/ scapula
58
Teres minor | Insertion
Greater tuberosity/ humerus
59
Teres minor | Actions
Laterally rotates humerus | Stabilizes shoulder joint
60
Teres minor | Nerve
Axillary (C5, C6)
61
Teres major | Origin
Inferior angle/scapula
62
Teres major | Insertion
Intertubercular groove/ humerus
63
Teres major | Actions
Adducts and medially rotates humerus | Stabilizes shoulder joint
64
Teres major | Nerve
Lower subscapular (C6)
65
Quadrilateral space
More lateral of two spaces
66
Quadrilateral space contains
Axillary nerve | Humeral circumflex blood vessels
67
Triangular space
More medial of spaces between teres major and teres minor
68
Triangular space contains
Circumflex scapular branch of the subscapular artery
69
Ligaments can be classified as either
Extrinsic (extracapsular) | Intrinsic (intracapsular)
70
Extrinsic ligaments found
Superficial to capsular ligament
71
Intrinsic ligaments found
Deep to capsular ligament
72
Sternoclavicular joint | Articulation
Sternal end of clavicle Clavicular and costal notches of sternum (manubrium) Medial end of first rib
73
Articular disc of SC joint
Piece of cartilage found in middle of joint cavity | Divides joint cavity in two
74
Function of articular disc
1. Prevent clavicle from being displaced at its articulation w/ sternum 2. Acts as shock absorber for forces transmitted along clavicle
75
SC joint classified as
Plane gliding joint
76
Nerve supply to SC joint
Supraclavicular nerve | Nerve to subclavius
77
Sternoclavicular joint
Upper limb articulates with axial skeleton
78
Most stable joint of the upper extremity
Sternoclavicular joint
79
Ligaments associated with SC joint
Anterior/ posterior sternoclavicular Interclavicular Costoclavicular
80
Anterior and Posterior Sternoclavicular
Reinforce capsular ligament Extrinsic- acts like wall Prevent excessive protraction/retraction
81
Interclavicular
Attached to sternal ends of both clavicles Extrinsic- acts like rope Prevents displacement of clavicle when carrying heavy object
82
Costoclavicular
Strong ligament attached to costal impression of clavicle and first rib Extrinsic- acts like rope Reinforce capsular ligament- limits elevation at medial end of clavicle
83
Dislocation of SC joint
Rare If occurs, due to direct trauma to anterior aspect of sternal end of clavicle May be life threatening due to damage/compression of trachea or blood vessels in neck
84
Acromioclavicular Joint | Articulation
Acromion process of scapula | Lateral (acromial) end of clavicle
85
Joint classification of acromioclavicular joint
Plane gliding
86
Nerve supply of acromioclavicular joint
Dorsal scapular Suprascapular Axillary nerve
87
Superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligament
Extrinsic and acts like rope Prevents clavicle from losing contact with acromion process
88
Coraclavicular ligament
Extrinsic; acts like rope Divided into conoid and trapezoid portions Connects clavicle with coracoid process/scapula
89
Dislocation of acromioclavicular joint | Shoulder separation
Occurs due to severe blow to shoulder (shoulder pointer) Subclavian artery may be compromised
90
Shoulder/ Glenohumeral Joint
Universal joint | Relatively unstable
91
Damage to radial nerve
Wrist drop
92
Radial artery of forearm
Lateral terminal branch of brachial artery
93
Branches of radial artery
Recurrent | Superficial and deep palmer
94
Recurrent radial artery branch
Runs proximally to brachial profundus | Collateral circulation around lateral aspect of elbow
95
Superficial and deep palmer artery joint with _____ artery to form ____ and ____ of the hand
Ulnar Superficial Deep palmar arches
96
Ulnar artery of the forearm
Medial branch of brachial artery Deep to flexor Carpi Ulnaris
97
Branches of ulnar artery
Anterior and Posterior recurrent Common interosseous Superficial and deep palmar
98
Anterior and Posterior recurrent ulnar artery
Joins ulnar collateral of brachial Forms collateral circulation of medial aspect of elbow
99
Common interosseous
Proximal part of artery Divides into anterior and posterior interosseous artery
100
Superficial and deep palmar artery
Helps form superficial and deep palmar arches
101
Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Pivot joint Nerve supply: radial Articulation: head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
102
Ligaments of distal radio-ulnar joint
Capsular ligament Anterior and posterior transverse ligament Articular disc Interosseous membrane
103
Anterior and posterior ligament (DRUJ)
Unite distal ends of radius and ulna Prevents supination Extrinsic rope
104
Articular disc of DRUJ
Fibrocartilage that attaches ulnar notes and styloid process of ulna Unites distal end of two bones Chief uniting structure
105
Interosseous membrane of DRUJ | Function
Strength and stability between radius and ulna Limit supination Increase surface attachment of muscles in both anterior and posterior forearm
106
Supination is ___ ______ than pronation
More powerful
107
Radiocarpal joint
Condyloid Articulation: distal end of radius, articular disc, scaphoid, lunate, triquetral Nerve supply: radial, ulnar, median
108
Ligaments of radiocarpal joint
Capsular Dorsal and palmar radiocarpal Palmar ulnocarpal Ulnar and radial collaterals
109
Dorsal and palmar radiocarpal ligaments
Extrinsic and act like rope | Attaches ulna to scaphoid and lunate
110
Palmar ulnocarpal
Extrinsic rope | Attaches ulna to scaphoid and lunate
111
Ulnar and radial collaterals
Extrinsic rope | Attach styloid process of ulna to radius to carpal bones
112
___ and ____ do not occur at wrist joint
Medial and lateral rotation
113
____ is chief tactile organ
Hand
114
Structures not held down by flexor retinaculum
Tendon of insertion of palmaris longus | Cutaneous branches of ulnar nerve
115
Osseofibrous carpal tunnel
Median nerve and long flexor tendons to digits pass through
116
Carpal tunnel syndrome aka
Distal median nerve neuropathy
117
Carpal tunnel syndrome is compression of
Median nerve
118
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
``` Edema Smith’s fracture Tumors Oral contraceptives Repetitive flexion and extension at wrist Misalignment of bones ```
119
Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
Paresthesia of median nerve cutaneous distribution Decreased skin moisture Atrophy of thenar muscles
120
Tinel’s Sign
Pins and needles sensation when tapping on median nerve on anterior aspect of wrist
121
Phalen’s test
Reproduce symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome by patient flexing hands to maximum and holding position
122
Structures not held down by extensor retinaculum
Dorsal venous arch Basilic and cephalic veins Cutaneous branches of radial and ulnar nerves
123
Flexor creases
``` Distal and proximal wrist Thenar Proximal and distal palmar Metacarpophalangeal Proximal, distal and thumb interphalangeal ```
124
Functions of palmar aponeurosis
Firm attachment to overlying skin- improve grip | Protects underlying tendons
125
Dupuytren’s contracture
Shortening and hypertrophy of palmer aponeurosis Painful nodules involving fascia (MP joint of digits 4 & 5) More common in men over 50 Bilateral
126
Brachiation
Motion of swinging from branch to branch in primates
127
Vascular supply of hand
Radial and ulnar arteries Superficial and deep palmar arches Princeps pollicis (first digit) Radialis Indicis artery (second digit)
128
Intercarpal joint classification
Plane gliding
129
Intermetacarpal joint classification
Plane gliding
130
Interphalangeal joint classification
Ginglymus
131
Skier’s thumb
Rupture or laxity of collateral ligaments of MP joint of digit 1 Hyperabduction
132
Shoulder joint | Cavity deepened by
Glenoid labrum
133
Nerve supply of shoulder joint
Axillary and suprascapular
134
Ligaments of shoulder joint
``` Capsular Glenohumeral Transverse humeral Coracohumeral Coracoacromial Suprascapular ```
135
Capsular ligament
Weak= versatility of joint | Long head of biceps Brachii passes out of inferior lateral portion
136
____ and ____ can be damaged when humerus disarticulated from scapula
C5 and C6
137
Glenohumeral joint
Prevents lateral rotation of humerus | Intrinsic rope
138
Transverse humeral ligament
Spans intertubercular groove | Keeps long head of biceps in place
139
Coracohumeral ligament
Limits lateral rotation of humerus | Extrinsic rope
140
Coracoacromial ligament
Prevents upward displacement of head of humerus | Extrinsic wall
141
Suprascapular ligament
Spans scapular notch
142
Anterior dislocation of shoulder joint
Most common @ inferior aspect of capsular ligament Due to lateral rotation and excessive extension
143
Anterior shoulder dislocation aka
Subcoracoid dislocation | Head of humerus below coracoid process
144
Nerves injured with shoulder dislocation
Musculocutaneous and axillary
145
Actions of biceps Brachii
Flexion of forearm Prime mover of supination Short head: adducts humerus Long head: abducts humerus
146
Crepitus
Cracking sound
147
Biceps tendonitis
Irritation of tendon Can cause crepitus
148
Popeye deformity
Ruptured belly of long head of biceps Brachii
149
Bicipital reflex tests for segmental innervation of
C5 and C6
150
Segmental innervation of triceps
C7 and C8
151
Main arterial supply to arm
Brachial artery
152
Brachial artery divides into ___ and ___ at cubital fossa
Ulnar and radial arteries
153
Pulse of brachial artery is taken at
Bicipital furrow
154
Branches of brachial artery
Brachial profundus | Superior and inferior ulnar collaterals
155
Brachial profundus
Supplies posterior aspect of arm
156
Cutaneous veins of upper extremity
``` Dorsal venous arch Cephalic vein Basilic vein Axillary vein Brachial vein Median cubital vein ```
157
Dorsal venous arch
Prominent venous arch on back of hand
158
Cephalic vein
Terminates and drains into axillary vein
159
Basilic vein
Joins with brachial veins to form the axillary vein

Gross Anatomy (18 decks)

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