Quiz 3 Material

Question 1

Tendons composed of

Answer 1

Collagen fibers

Question 2

Arrangement of ____ _____ gives muscles tensile strength

Answer 2

Collagen fibers

Question 3

Tendons attach

Answer 3

Muscle to bone

Question 4

Tensile strength

Answer 4

Load necessary to rupture a given material when pulled in the direction of its length and allows muscles to withstand amounts of pressure

Question 5

5 Functions of tendons

Answer 5

1. Improve leverage (concentrate force)
2. Economize space and maintain limb conformity
3. Absorbs shock/ limit potential damage to bone & muscle
4. Flexible
5. Tensile strength

Question 6

Sharpey’s Fibers

Answer 6

Collagen fibers that penetrate deeply into cortical portion of the bone

Question 7

Avulsion Fracture

Answer 7

Fragment of bone pulled out with collagen fibers during traction injury (due to Sharpey’s Fibers)

Question 8

Innervation of a tendon is strictly

Answer 8

Afferent (sensory)

Question 9

Bursa

Answer 9

Lubricating devices that develop between tendon and another structure to limit friction and inflammation
Filled with synovial fluid

Question 10

Fascia

Answer 10

Connective tissue that separates muscles

Question 11

Superficial Fascia

Answer 11

Deep to skin

Contains blood vessels, nerves, adipose tissue

Question 12

Deep Fascia

Answer 12

Investing layer around a muscle (epimysium)

Question 13

Intermuscular septum

Answer 13

Epimysium of one muscle meets epimysium of another

Question 14

Retinaculum

Answer 14

Thickened band of deep fascia found at joints and functions to bind down tendons and nerves that cross joint

Question 15

Parallel Fiber Arrangement

Answer 15

Fibers run whole length of muscle, parallel to long axis

Type II Fibers (power)

Question 16

Pennate Fiber Arrangement

Answer 16

Fibers run oblique to long axis of muscle

Type I Fibers (endurance)

Question 17

Unipennate Fiber Arrangement

Answer 17

Tendon lies along one side of muscle and fibers pass obliquely to tendon

Question 18

Bipennate Fiber Arrangement

Answer 18

Tendon lies in center of muscle and fibers pass to it from each side

Question 19

Prime Mover (agonist)

Answer 19

Muscle(s) most responsible for carrying out particular movement

Question 20

Synergists (fixator)

Answer 20

Assist prime mover(s) in performing action by giving force for a movement, stabilizing joint, keeping bone of origin steady

Question 21

Antagonist

Answer 21

Muscle that produces opposite effect from agonist

Question 22

Atrophy

Answer 22

Muscles become smaller and weaker

Question 23

Reciprocal Innervation

Answer 23

When muscle contracts, its antagonist automatically relaxes

Question 24

Both agonists and antagonists contract at same time

Answer 24

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

Question 25

Pathology of CNS

Answer 25

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Question 26

Pathology of PNS

Answer 26

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 27

Pathology of NMJ

Answer 27

Myasthenia Gravis

Question 28

Pathology of individual muscle fiber

Answer 28

Muscular Dystrophy

Question 29

Ischemic Necrosis (ischemia)

Answer 29

Any diminishing of vascular supply to muscle, resulting in loss of fibers

Question 30

Contracture

Answer 30

If a muscle remains contracted for prolonged period, it will develop persistent (permanent?) shortening

Question 31

Satellite Cells

Answer 31

Undifferentiated myoblasts that regenerate injured muscle fibers

Question 32

Satellite cells found...

Answer 32

Space between endomysium and sarcolemma

Question 33

In Muscular Dystrophy, ___ ___ are prevented from replacing damaged muscle fibers

Answer 33

Satellite cells

Question 34

Components of upper extremity

Answer 34

Shoulder (pectoral) girdle | Free limb

Question 35

Shoulder girdle consists of

Answer 35

Scapula + clavicle

Question 36

Free Limb consists of

Answer 36

Arm (brachium) Forearm (antebrachium) Hand (manus)

Question 37

Main functions of the clavicle

Answer 37

1. Transmit forces from upper extremity to axial skeleton | 2. Acts as brace, holding arm free from rest of the body

Question 38

Clavicle is transitional bone between:

Answer 38

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 39

Ossification

Answer 39

Process of embryonic connective tissue being replaced by bone cells (osteocytes)

Question 40

Intramembranous Ossification

Answer 40

Bone cells replace primitive type of connective tissue (mesenchyme) Axial Bones

Question 41

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 41

Bone cells replace very well developed type of connective tissue (hyaline cartilage) Appendicular Bones

Question 42

_____ is the first bone to undergo ossification

Answer 42

Clavicle

Question 43

Clavicle has ____ primary ossification centers

Answer 43

2

Question 44

Clavicle primary ossification is _____

Answer 44

Intramembranous

Question 45

Clavicle secondary ossification center is ____

Answer 45

Endochondral

Question 46

_____ is one of the last bones to complete ossification

Answer 46

Clavicle

Question 47

The ____ is one of the most frequently fractured bones

Answer 47

Clavicle

Question 48

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

Answer 48

Autosomal dominant hereditary condition in which ossification is defective Clavicle is missing or abnormally formed (bilateral in most)

Question 49

Scapula is found:

Answer 49

Between T1-T7

Question 50

Ossification of scapula formed from

Answer 50

7 ossification centers (1 primary & 6 secondary)

Question 51

Primary center of ossification in the scapula occurs in ____

Answer 51

Body of bone - Fossa & spine

Question 52

6 secondary ossification centers of scapula

Answer 52

2 for acromion process 2 for coracoid process 1 for medial border 1 for inferior angle

Question 53

Clinical Arm

Answer 53

Acromion process of scapula to epicondyles of humerus

Question 54

Fracture of the scapula usually results from

Answer 54

Severe direct trauma

Question 55

The ____ ____ is the most commonly fractured part of the scapula

Answer 55

Acromion process

Question 56

Sprengel’s Deformity

Answer 56

Undescended scapula brought about by attachment to cervical vertebrae by either bone, cartilage, or fibrous attachment Usually unilateral

Question 57

Os Acromidae

Answer 57

Failure of acromion process to fuse with rest of the bone | Area fills with connective tissue