Quiz 4 Flashcards by Rachel Smith

Functions of Mammary Gland

Provides nourishment to infant

2. Protection against disease in infants

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Axillary tail

Portion of mammary gland that projects into axillary region

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Lactiferous Sinus

Small drop of milk accumulates in nursing females

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Lactiferous ducts

Passageway for milk to nipple

Single lactiferous duct for each lobe

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Nipple is composed of

Smooth muscle

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Nipple is a ___ ___ organ

Tactile sense

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Sebaceous glands

Secrete oily substance that provides protective lubricant for areola and nipple

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Suspensory Ligament

CT that separates each lobe

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Lobes are subdivided into _____ which consist of ____

Lobules

Alveoli

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Alveoli

Secretory portion of glands

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Estrogen secreted by

Ovaries

Placenta

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Estrogen promotes

Growth of duct system of the glands

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Progesterone secreted by

Ovaries and placenta

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Progesterone promotes

Growth of secretory cells

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Prolactin secreted by

Anterior pituitary

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Prolactin promotes

Production of milk AFTER birth

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Oxytocin secreted by

Posterior pituitary

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Oxytocin promotes

Release of milk

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Together, progesterone and estrogen ______ milk production during pregnancy

Suppress

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Colostrum is

Fist secretion from functional mammary gland

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Colostrum is rich in

Immunoglobulins and lactoferrin
Growth factors (affect GI tract)

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Lactoferrin binds

Iron

Causes bacteria to die

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Mature milk composition

88% Water
7 % lactose
4% fat
1% protein

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Inverted Nipple

Retracted nipple

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Supernumerary Nipple

Extra nipple

Breast cancer tumors are usually of the ________ variety

Adenocarcinoma

Chronic cystic mastitis

Benign tumor (more common)

Galactorrhea

Nipple discharge not associated with pregnancy or lactation

Humerus is the ____ and ____ bone in the upper extremity

Largest and longest

Ossification of the humerus develops from

8 ossification centers (1 primary and 7 secondary)

Primary ossification center for humerus is

Shaft | Develops early in fetal development

Secondary Ossification center occurs in

``` Head Greater tuberosity Lesser tuberosity Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea ```

Fractures of humerus occur in

``` Anatomical neck Surgical neck Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Shaft Distal end ```

Fractures at the ___ ____ may damage the ____ ___ and numeral circumflex blood vessels

Surgical neck | Axillary Nerve

Fractures at the shaft of the humerus may damage the

Radial nerve

Fractures at the distal end of the humerus may damage the....

Median nerve Ulnar nerve Brachial blood vessels

Pectoralis Major

Largest and most superficial muscle of pectoral region

Origin of Pectoralis Major

Clavicle Sternum and upper ribs External oblique muscle

Pectoralis Major | Insertion

Lateral aspect of intertubercular groove

Pectoralis Major | Actions

``` Entire Muscle: Adduction and medial rotation of humerus Forced inspiration when humerus fixed Clavicular Portion: Flexes humerus at shoulder joint Sternocostal Portion: Extend humerus at shoulder joint ```

Pectoralis Major | Nerve

``` Medial Pectoral (C8-T1) Lateral Pectoral (C5-C7) ```

Pectoralis Minor | Origin

Ribs 3-5

Pectoralis Minor | Insertion

Coracoid process/ scapula

Pectoralis Minor | Action

1. Involved with protraction/abduction of scapula | 2. Forced Inspiration

Pectoralis Minor | Nerve

Medial Pectoral (C8-T1)

Poland Syndrome

Unilateral condition when both pectoralis major and minor muscles are missing Absence of several ribs Syndactylism

Subclavius | Origin

First rib

Subclavius | Insertion

Subclavian groove/ clavicle

Subclavius | Actions

1. Pulls clavicle medially (stabilizes SC joint) | 2. Protective cushion between fractured clavicle and blood vessels

Subclavius | Nerve

Nerve to the subclavius (C5, C6)

Axilla | Apex bound by

Clavicle, scapula, fist rib

Axilla | Base made of

Skin and fascia

Axilla | Anterior wall formed by

Pectoralis Major

Axilla | Posterior wall formed by

Latissimus Dorsi | Teres major

Axilla | Medial wall formed by

Serratus Anterior | Upper ribs

Axilla | Lateral wall formed by

Proximal medial aspect of arm (bicipital furrow)

Contents of Axilla

Brachial plexus Axillary artery and vein Lymph nodes Adipose tissue

Axillary sheath

Deep Fascia that encloses brachial plexus and blood vessels

Brachial plexus

In axilla | Nerves that are about to enter the upper extremity come together to from a nerve plexus

Spinal Nerve Roots

``` C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 ```

Upper trunk

C5 | C6

Middle trunk

Lower trunk

C8 | T1

Divisions

Anterior | Posterior

Lateral cord forms from

Anterior Division | Upper and middle trunks

Lateral cord contains fibers from

C5 C6 C7

Medial cord from

Anterior division of lower trunk

Medial cord contains fibers from

C8 | T1

Posterior Cord formed from

Posterior division of all 3 cords

Posterior cord contains fibers from

``` C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 ```

Cords of brachial plexus names in relationships to ___ ___

Axillary artery

Supraclavicular portion of brachial plexus

Nerves coming off spinal nerve roots and upper trunk above clavicle

Infraclavicular Portion of brachial plexus

Nerves coming off the cords (below clavicle)

Segmental innervation of dorsal scapular nerve

Motor supply of dorsal scapular nerve

Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Levator scapula

Articular supply of dorsal scapular nerve

Acromioclavicular joint

Feature of dorsal scapular nerve

Deep to rhomboid and levator scapula

Long thoracic nerve | Segmental innervation

C5 C6 C7

Long thoracic nerve | Motor supply

Serratus anterior

Suprascapular Nerve | Segmental innervation

C5 | C6

Suprascapular Nerve | Motor supply

Supraspinatus | Infraspinatus

Suprascapular Nerve | Articular supply

Shoulder joint | AC joint

Nerve that passes from supraspinatus fossa to infraspinatus fossa via opening in spine of scapula is ____

Suprascapular Nerve