Exam 3 Material Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Functions of lower extremity
A
- Support body weight
- Province stable foundation while standing
- Allow locomotion
2
Q
Bones are ___ and ___ with well marked areas for muscular and ligamentous attachment
A
Heavier
Stronger
3
Q
Joints are __ and ___ with good bony configurations
A
Stronger
More stable
4
Q
Muscles are ____ and less capable of ______
A
More powerful
Delicate movement
5
Q
Fewer ____ nerve fibers
A
Sensory
6
Q
Blood vessels are ___
A
Larger
7
Q
Single bone of pelvis
A
Innominate bone
8
Q
Innominate bone articulates with
A
Sacrum
Femur
Other innominate bone
9
Q
Each innominate bone consists of
A
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
10
Q
Large depression on lateral aspect of each innominate
A
Acetabulum
11
Q
Head of femur and ___ form hip joint
A
Acetabulum
12
Q
Lunar surface
A
Horseshoe shaped articular surface of acetabulum
13
Q
Transverse acetabular ligament
A
Spans acetabular notch
14
Q
Largest and uppermost portion of bone of pelvis
A
Ilium
15
Q
3 oblique gluteal lines on ilium
A
Anterior
Posterior
Inferior
16
Q
Iliac fossa
A
Internal surface of ilium
17
Q
Iliac tuberosity
A
Area where ligaments attach
18
Q
Auricular suface
A
Where each innominate articulates with sacrum
19
Q
Arcuate line
A
Marks boundary between major or false pelvis from minor or true pelvis
20
Q
Ischial tuberosity
A
Hamstring muscles originate
Bears weight of body when sitting
21
Q
Pubis symphysis
A
Articulates with pubis from opposite innominate
22
Q
Obturator foramen
A
Opening found at inferior aspect of each innominate
23
Q
Obturator membrane
A
CT that closes obturator foramen
24
Q
False/major pelvis
A
Helps support and protect abdominal viscera
Boundaries: lumbar vertebrae, ilium, abdominal wall
25
True/minor pelvis
Surrounds birth canal in females
Boundaries: sacrum, coccyx, ilium, ischium, pubis
26
Functions of pelvic bone
```
Protects pelvis viscera
Transmits body weight
Absorbs stress
Allows locomotion
Bony support for birth canal
```
27
Android pelvis
Typical male pelvis
28
Gynecoid pelvis
Typical female pelvis
29
Anthropoid pelvis
Exaggerated male pelvis
30
Platypelloid pelvis
Exaggerated female pelvis
31
Fractures of pelvis common at
Pubic rami
Acetabulum
Sacroiliac joint
Lateral aspect of ilium
32
Pelvis suffers fractures in two places
1. Where force directly applied
| 2. 180 degrees opposite from initial fracture
33
High ___ and ___ rate associated with pelvis fractures due to hemorrhagic shock and pelvic organ damage
Morbidity
| Mortality
34
Hip pointers
Common painful contusion injury of soft tissue associated with iliac crest
35
___ primary ossification centers in pelvis
3 (one for ilium, ischium, pubis)
36
__ secondary centers of ossification in pelvis
5
| Iliac crest, AIIS, ischial tuberosity, pubis symphysis, center of acetabulum
37
Pelvic bone completes ossification between
20 and 22 years
38
Longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in body
Femur
39
Femur transmits weight from pelvic bone to
Tibia
40
Fovea capitis of femur is attachment site for
Capitis Femoris ligament
41
Angle of inclination
Angle made when neck of femur meets shaft of bone
42
Femur has ___ primary centers of ossification
1
43
Femur has __ secondary centers of ossification
4
| Head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, distal end (condyles and epicondyles)
44
Angle of inclination is greatest at ___
Birth (145 degrees)
45
Normal angle of inclination in adults
125 degrees
46
Angle of inclination allows for _____ by increasing leverage of muscles that attach to proximal part of femur
Greater mobility at hip joint
47
Angle of inclination is an advantage for bipedalism, but puts considerable ___ on neck of femur
Stress
48
Coxa Valga
Increase in angle of inclination
| Can occur with developmental dysphasia of hip
49
Coxa Vara
Decrease in angle of inclination
| Occur in fractures to proximal part of femur due to rickets
50
Subcapital fractures
Fracture through neck of femur
“Broken hip”
51
Subcapital fractures are common in older adults suffering with
Osteoporosis
52
Subcapital fractures may interrupt blood supply to femoral head, leading to
Avascular necrosis
53
Head of femur supplied by
Obturator artery
54
Neck of femur receives blood from branches of
Femoral artery
| Medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries
55
Patella
Large sesamoid bone that develops in common tendon of insertion of quadriceps
56
Main function of patella
Gives additional leverage to quads during last part of leg extension
Increase power of extension
57
Ossification of patella begins from __ center that appears in year ___
1
| 3
58
Patella fractures
| 2 types
Direct trauma
| Indirect trauma
59
Direct trauma
Comminuted fracture of patella
60
Indirect trauma
Result of quads contracting suddenly and causing transverse fracture through body of bone
61
Symptoms of fractured patella
Severe pain
Swelling and tenderness
Inability to carry out extension at knee joint
62
Patella emarginata
Superior lateral portion of bone remains unossified
63
Bipartite/ tripartite patella
Superior lateral portion of patella ossifies independently
64
Bipartite/ tripartite patella occurs in ___ of population
3%
65
Chondromalacia
Softening and fissuring of articular cartilage on posterior aspect of patella
66
___ is common in young adults
Chondromalacia
67
Symptoms of chondromalacia
Dull pain around or under patella that worsens with exercise
68
Fascia Lata
CT (deep fascia) of thigh region that prevents quads from bulging outward during contractions
69
Function of fascia Lata
Enhance effectiveness of contraction of quads
70
Thickened lateral aspect of fascia Lata
Iliotibial tract
71
Iliotibial tract receives insertions from
Tensor Fascia Lata
| Gluteus Maximus
72
Opening found in proximal anterior aspect of fascia Lata
Saphenous opening
73
Saphenous opening allows ____ to reach femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
74
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Overuse syndrome occurring at distal end of IT band
Repetitively rubs over lateral condyle of femur = irritating and inflaming Bursae
75
Symptoms of ITBS
Stinging pain at lateral aspect of knee
Worse when running up or down hills or climbing stairs
76
Movements of femur at hip joint
```
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation
```
77
Tendon of insertion of iliacus fuses with tendon of insertion of psoas major to form
Iliopsoas
78
Occupies iliac fossa
Iliacus
79
Weakness of Psoas major/iliacus results in
Disability in stair climbing, walking up inclines, getting up from reclining position
80
Disease or inflammation of abdominal structures may result in pain of ___/ ___ when contracting
Psoas major/ iliacus
81
Muscle missing in about half of population (unilaterally or bilaterally)
Psoas minor
82
Psoas minor is often mistaken for
Genitofemoral nerve
83
Mammals with lots of flexion in lumbar vertebrae have well developed
Psoas minor
84
Longest muscle in body
Sartorius
85
Patellar ligament
Runs from apex of patella to tibia
86
Largest of quads
Vastus Lateralis
87
Most superficial of quads
Rectus Femoris
88
Articularis genu
Distinct bundle of muscle fibers that separates from deepest layers of vastus intermedius and becomes separate muscle
89
Atrophy of quads will result in difficulty
Extending leg against resistance
Will usually press on distal end of femur during walking to prevent flexion
90
Strength of knee is significantly dependent on
Quads
91
Weakness of quads may result in abnormal __ ___ and loss of joint ____
Patellar moments
| Mobility
92
Charley horse
Cramping or spasm of quads
May also indicate trauma to muscles
93
Jumper’s knee
| Patellar Tendonitis
Painful overuse injury of common tendon of insertion of quads and/or patellar ligament
94
Patellar reflex tests segmental innervation of
L2, L3, L4
