Exam #2: Eye Flashcards by Jonathan Kallevang

What is the leading cause of blindness in individuals under 65 in the US?

Diabetes

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What type of vision loss occurs in Macular Degeneration?

Central vision loss

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What is the hallmark of Glaucoma, and what type of vision loss occurs?

Elevated intra-ocular pressure

- Peripheral vision loss

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What is the most likely cause of transient vision loss in the young?

Migraine

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What causes transient vision loss in the elderly?

Emboli & TIA

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Flashes of light are a red flag for_____?

Retinal Detachment

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What is the most common cause of exopthalmos?

Thyroid Disease

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What are the causes of diplopia?

One eye optical problem

- Two eye alignment problem

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What cardiac symptoms can eye medications cause?

BOTH bradycardia and tachycardia

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What do you use to evert the upper eyelid?

Cotton-tip applicator

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Snellen Eye Chart

typical visual acuity exam

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Numerator in Snellen Eye Chart

Distance from chart

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Denominator in Snellen Eye Chart

Distance the average eye can read the chart

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Rosenbaum Chart

Tests near vision with hand held chart

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What three nerves control extra-ocular movement?

CN III, IV, and VI

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How do you test EOM?

Draw and “X” then a cross

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Visual Fields by Confrontation

Peripheral vision test

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Accommodation Testing or Near Reaction Testing

Checking to see if the eyes will converge & pupils will constrict

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In accommodation testing, what should happen when the patient looks at your fingers?

Eyes converge and pupils constrict

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In accommodation testing, what should happen when the patient looks at the wall?

Eyes diverge and pupils dilate

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Direct pupillary response to light

Constriction of the pupil being tested in response to light

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Consensual response to light

Constriction of the pupil opposite of the one being shined with light

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Lateral Penlight Test

Estimates depth of anterior chamber

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When should you do the lateral penlight test?

Before applying mydriatic drops

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What is a normal lateral penlight test?

When the entire iris lights up

If the lateral penlight test is abnormal, what does this mean?

DO NOT give mydriatic drops, patient at risk of acute-angle glaucoma

Swinging Light Test

Test for functional impairment of the optic nerves

Abnormal Swinging Light Test

- Shine light in one eye and then switch to other eye - Second eye should constrict - Transition back to first - If eye DILATES then abnormal and afferent defect

Corneal Light Reflex

Tests for ocular alignment

Normal Corneal Light Reflex

Light reflects from center of both pupils

Esotropia

- Eye turned IN | - Light reflex is LATERAL

Exotropia

- Eye turned OUT | - Light reflex is MEDIAL

Cover test

Test used to detect tropia

Tropia

full-time eye misdirection

Sensory Nerve in Corneal Sensitivity

CN V

Motor Nerve in Corneal Sensitivity

CN VII

Cover- Uncover Test

Test used to detect phoria

Phoria

eye movement because of disturbance in binocular vision

Small Light Source

use when room not dimmed or small pupils

Large Light Source

use for dilated pupils

Green Light

use for drusen bodies, nerve fiber defects, & blood

GRID pattern

use to identify size of a lesion

Slit

used to examine anterior chamber/ corneal injury

Blue

used to examine corneal abrasion

Myopic

near-sighted- red lens

Hyperopic

far-sighted- black lens

Red Reflex

- *****Single most important screening tool for infants and young children***** - Light strikes retina and bounces back

Epicanthal Fold

- Vertical fold of skin nasally that covers the lacrimal caruncle - Normal Variant in Asians

What is a normal red reflex?

an equal & bilateral reflection from the fundus

Leukocoria

- a white reflex instead of red reflex - caused by congenital cataract or retinoblastoma - refer to Ophthamologist

When is visual fixation well developed?

6-9 weeks

When does visual following start?

3 months

When do accommodation and stereopsis start?

4 months

When is poor fixation considered pathologic?

- Beyond 6 months | - Refer to Ophthalmology

Newborn visual acuity

20/400 - 20/800

When does visual acuity normalize?

~ 3 years (20/40)

Strabismus

Misalignment of the eyes

Esotropia

misalignment of the eyes inward

Exotropia

misalignment of the eyes outward

Hypertropia

misalignment of the eyes upward

Hypotropia

misalignment of the eyes downward

Pseudostrabisumus

- Appearance of misalignment of the eyes without actual strabismus present - Light reflection occurs in the same place in both eyes

Amblyopia

- Loss of visual acuity due to active cortical suppression of the vision of the eye - Can be caused by strabismus (misalignment of the eye)

Single most effective screening test for amblyopia?

Visual acuity via noninvasive screening

What are the three requirements for normal visual development?

1) Clear retinal image 2) Equal image clarity 3) Proper eye alignment

Exam #2: Eye Flashcards

(65 cards)