Exam 2 (for final) Flashcards by Emma Fischer

Hydrogen bonds attach the fatty acids to the glycerol backbone.

false

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Lactase in pigs from birth to 3 weeks is

not induced

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Dietary lipid are coated with blank as they enter the duodenum. This process allows for blank, which is the process of breaking down fat globules. This in turn blank surface area. The enzyme blank will then breakdown triglycerides into free fatty acids and a monoglyceride. Before fats can be transported across the intestinal cell they form blank. Once in the cell fats are reassembled into triglycerides and then coated with a protein. This complex is then called a blank. Once formed they will exit the cell via exocytosis and will enter the blank system, which will eventually drain into the blank system.

bile salts
emulsification
increases
lipase
micelles
chylomicron
lymphatic
circulatory

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If a limiting amino acid is used up, protein synthesis that uses that amino acid can still continue.

false

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Methionine is a TSAA, limiting, and essential.

true

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Net energy from a protein is higher than fat due to the energy required to dispose of the by-products from N metabolism.

false

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A mix of glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose.

hemicellulose

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RDP stands for blank and is the equivalent to blank (DIP)

ruminally degraded protein
degraded intake protein

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as moisture content of feed increases, typically and animal will drink less water

false

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Lignin is a carbohydrate.

false

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form of N for fish

NH3

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form of N in birds

uric acid

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terrestrial vertebrates N form

urea

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There are approximately 15 amino acids known to nature.

false

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Monosaccharides can be absorbed through the small intestine.

true

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Glycine is an essential amino acid for poultry.

true

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The process of digesting fats requires the assistance of bile salts.

true

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Which is the primary VFA produced from starch and sugar fermentation?

propionate

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Which of the following is a NET producer of glucose?

propionate

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A glucose + galactose beta 1,4 bond

lactose

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red

milk yield

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pink

forages

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yellow

butyrate

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orange

total VFAs

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grey

concentrates

blue

acetate

green

propionate

purple

% butter fat

Explain why pH decreases in relationship to addition of concentrates in the diet.

more VFAs= more acid

Based on the diagram, explain how the proportion of forage and concentrate in the diet impacts Total VFA production.

As proportion of forage and concentrate increase, the total VFA production will increase as well

Based on the diagram, explain how the proportion of forage and concentrate fed in the diet of a dairy cow impacts milk yield and milk fat in relation to VFAs being produced as a result of the diet.

As concentrate in the diet increases, total VFAs increase and propionate increases. A higher forage diet leads to higher acetate. Higher forage = higher milk fat b/c acetate is a precursor for milk fat synthesis Higher concentrate = higher milk yield b/c propionate is a more efficient energy precursor.

In a functioning ruminant, lactase is

induced

In adult pigs, amylase, maltase, and sucrase are

induced

NSP

non starch polysaccharide

pentosan polysaccharide found in corn cobs and wood

Xylan

polysaccharide

>10 sugar units

pentose

5 carbon surgar

polysaccharide like

lignin

oligosaccharide

3-10 sugar units

glucose + fructose + galactose

raffinose

disaccharide

2 sugar units

glycogen

animal starch

hexose

6 carbon sugar

Describe the characteristics of these fats that would explain WHY they would be liquid.

These fats are liquid due to their structure. The bent shape in unsaturated fats causes this to occur. There is also airspace between the location of the bends.

All plant source fats are liquid at room temperature.

false

Fructose is the sweetest of all sugar.

true

Amylase in pigs from birth to 3 weeks is

not induced

Protein degradation is often stimulated by glucocorticoids.

true

Cattle will lose more water via feces compared to sheep.

true

Between 3-8 weeks of age lactase, maltase, and amylase are

induced

The three most common limiting amino acids are

methionine lysine tryptophan

RUP stands for blank and is the equivalent to blank, or blank protein

ruminally undegraded protein undegraded intake protein bypass

four functions of water

1. control and regulate body temperature 2. provide form and shape of the body 3. cushion the organs 4. help with metabolic processes

Propionate can be shipped out of the muscle to the liver to be converted to glucose as part of the Cori Cycle.

false

HDL is considered the "good" cholesterol.

true

Hibernating animals rely on what source of water to survive?

metabolic

Insulin is produced from what tissue?

beta cells of the islets of langerhans

The maillard reaction can bind an animo acid to a fat.

false

A cavital enzyme is found in the brush border of the mucosal cell.

false

SFA (saturated fatty acid)

myristic palmitic stearic

UFA (unsaturated fatty acid)

oleic

PUFA

linoleic linolenic arachidonic

Carbohydrates will net the most metabolic water.

true

What are the two most common situations in livestock where ketosis could occur?

In ewes, ketosis is also known as pregancy diease and is usaully when the ewe is carrying multiple lambs. In this form of ketosis, glucose is decreased and glucagon and ephinephrine are increased. This causes the ewe to experience lethargy and possibly death. The second situation would be in most dairy cows after lactation starts. The cows experience a negative energy balance.

Mannose is efficiently absorbed in the small intestine.

false

Type I diabetes is considered an auto-immune disease.

The chylomicron is formed in the lumen of the intestine before being absorbed across the brush border.

false

somatostatin

inhibits all other homrones

hormone

Chemical substance excreted from a ductless gland from source to target tissue

secretin

Action=secretion of water and bicarbonate

motilin

housekeeping hormone of GIT

CCK

produces satiety

pancreatic lipase

Hydrolyzes fatty acids in the 1 and 3 position of triglycerides

GIP

inhibits HCL production and gastric motility

pepsin

active at pH below 3.5

zymogens

Precursors to enzymes

gastrin

Stimuli = stomach distention, dietary proteins, fats, carbohydrates, alcohol and caffeine, vagus nerve stimulation

endopeptidases

Hydrolyze interior bonds

In neonatal ruminants, lactase activity is blank. While activity of other enzymes are blank

high, low

Motilin is released every 10 minutes during the consumption of a meal.

false

What would be considered the "activator" of Trypsinogen to Trypsin?

enterokinase

Which the primary VFA produced from cellulose and hemicellulose fermentation?

acetate

Animal proteins have higher biological value than plant proteins.

true