Lecture 4 part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
bovine mouth
A
- molar teeth (upper and lower)
- grind in lateral movement
- saliva
2
Q
what is in bovine saliva
A
- buffer (bicarbonate)
- no enzymes but contains N, P, and Na which microbes use
- continuous production of saliva
3
Q
when does production of saliva increase in bovine
A
during rumination and eating
4
Q
when animals break down material, they usually excrete what
A
nitrogen
- makes it way back into saliva in ruminants
5
Q
what is the ruminal wall like in young rumens
A
smooth
6
Q
what are the compartments of the stomach
A
rumen
reticulum
omasum
abomasum
7
Q
what makes the larger portion of the stomach of ruminants
A
rumen and reticulum
8
Q
is ruminant digestion linear?
A
not really, digestion bounces around in different places
9
Q
rumen
A
- fills almost entire left side
- papillae
- underdeveloped at birth
- largest portion in adult ruminants
- usually absorbs fatty acids
10
Q
papillae
A
- finger like projections
- increase surface area
- develop over time after exposure to fiber/diet
- absorb VFAs
11
Q
what are the functions of the rumen
A
stores
soaks
physical mixing and breakdown
fermentation via microbes
12
Q
what does the rumen work with for mixing and regurgitation
A
reticulum
13
Q
reticulum
A
- like a filter
- honey comb structure
- not completely separated from rumen
- lined with mucus membrane and intersecting ridges
- no enzymes
- also have papilla
14
Q
functions of the reticulum
A
- moves ingesta back into rumen or omasum
- regurgitation during rumination
- still some fermentation
15
Q
what is located at the bottom of the reticulum
A
the omasum
16
Q
ruminoreticulum
A
- work together
- half wall of tissue that separate the two
17
Q
omasum
A
- butchers bible
- no enzymatic activity
- spherical shape
- filled with muscular laminae
18
Q
functions of omasum
A
- reduce particle size of ingesta
- some water absorption
- assist with physical breakdown
19
Q
abomasum
A
- first glandular portion
- similar to simple stomach of non ruminants
- secretes enzymes
20
Q
bovine small and large intestine
A
similar in structure and function to swine
- minimal fermentation happening
21
Q
young ruminants
A
- like a monogastric
- have esophageal groove
22
Q
what is important to feed young ruminants
A
hay and grain for papilla growth
23
Q
what is the largest part of the digestive system in young ruminants
A
abomasum
24
Q
what is the esophageal groove
A
- reticular groove
- continuation of esophagus into reticulum
- straw like structure
- muscle reflux to divert milk away to place where it can be digested first
25
why is the esophageal groove considered a neural reflux
as they sucks this develops
26
rumination
regurgitation
remastication
resalivation
reswallowing
- do this process mutltiple times
27
why does rumination occur
forage and feed quickly so they have to complete chewing at a later time
- prey animals
28
what influences digestion
particle density
- large, low density particles float on top of liquid
- small, dense particles settle to bottom
29
what do the large, low density particles that float on top form
fibrous mat so more mastication needed
30
what is the top part of rumen
like a gas cap
31
why it is a by product of fermentation
gas
32
what shape does the flow of ingesta follow
figure 8 pattern
33
what does the rumen house
microbes
- feed microbes first
34
what is important during regurgitation
burp to help release gas
35
how does the colonization of microbes occur
calf gains microbes from environment (diet)
36
what can microbes attach to
food
rumen wall
37
what make up rumen microbes
bacteria and protozoa (mostly bacteria)
38
what are most of the microbes in the rumen
obligate anaerobes (O2 free environment)
39
what is special about rumen bacteria and protozoa
very diverse
40
do all microbes have the same job in the rumen
no
- may have different food sources so may produce different products
41
what are the end products of microbial fermentation
- FVAs (major source of energy)
- ammonia
- gases
- microbial protein (major source of protein)
- heat
42
what are the three main things that come from VFA
acetate
propitiate
butyric
43
what is the most effiecient product of VFA
propionate because it is more efficient energy produced and can be directly converted to glucose
44
acetate
precursor for fat synthesis in mammary gland
45
high fibrous diet=
decreased propionate and increased acetate
- ex= high hay diet= high fibrous
46
including RAC in diet=
increased propionate and decreased acetate
47
what does a change of diet also change
outcome of fermentation by changing microbes
48
what type of relationship do cows and microbes have
symbiotic relationship
49
what happens when large amounts of grain or pelleted roughage are fed
- RAC/cellulose may pass out of rumen and be partially digested in intestine (by enzymes)
- lead to lower gut fermentation
- not as efficient
50
what happens if un-adapted to large amounts of grain
lead to bacteria that produce large amount of lactic acid
51
increase grain=
increase fermentation
52
if there is too much grain, what can happen
spill out of rumen and intestines cause fermentation but this is not efficient
53
what influences microbial populations
diet
54
ruminal acidosis
- abrupt change from fiber to grain
- increase starches and sugars
- increase fermentation rate, bacteria growth, FVAs (good)
- acid is decreases pH of rumen (bad; hurts microbes)
- papilla destroyed from low pH
55
what can ruminal acidosis lead to
metabolic acidosis which goes into bloodstream
56
what are the fates of nutrients consumed
1. used by microbes, degraded into products absorbed directly from VFAs (feeding microbes first)
2. modified during fermentation in rumen and digested in lower tract (microbes partially use it then goes elsewhere)
3. escape fermentation in rumen and go thru hydrolytic digestion in GI
4. escape fermentation in rumen and GI region so fermented and absorbed in colon/cecum
5. escape digestion completely and excreted in feces
57
microbial protein
- upgrade of nitrogen to protein
- downgrade of high quality of protein to microbial
- rumen protein utilization is low
58
protein fermentation
- microbial protein has better amino acid profile than low quality dietary protein (corn)
- microbial protein has worse amino acid profile than high quality dietary protein (soybean meal)
59
how do dietary fats disrupt microbes
- saturate fats (add hydrogen)
- change location of double bonds
- alter bond orientation
- odd number of C in chain
60
what are 4 vitamins that may be problematic that microbes synthesize
- b12- cobalamin
- thiamine- high in RAC reduce synthesis
- niacin- involved in ketosis if deficient
- biotin- may be supplemented
61
gas production
- really difficult to measure
- greenhouse gases
up to 600L of gas/day
- CO2, CH4, N
- trace amounts of O2, H2, and H2S
62
eructation
contractions of rumen forces gas forward and down to esophagus opening
- if esophagus not obstructed, gas escapes out
63
how can you treat bloat
- tubing: pour food safe mineral down tube
- trocar: small surgical incision and then placed into body wall
64
what are the two types of bloat
foamy
obstructive
