Lecture 2 Part 1

Question 1

why do we analyze feed

Answer 1

• need to know what nutrients are present
• test for anti-nutritional factor or toxins
• know more about what we are buying or selling
• want to establish or add value

Question 2

depending on scale and level of management, how many times may a farmer collect and analyze feed

Answer 2

daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually

Question 3

what is important when taking samples of feedstuffs (should be)

Answer 3

• collected correctly
• labeled consistently
• stored appropriately (prevent degradation)

Question 4

round bales

Answer 4

• outside and inside were at different locations when raked and baled
• outside=dry, moldy, ;ess nutrients

Question 5

how do you take a sample to analyze a square bale

Answer 5

grab samples

Question 6

silage

Answer 6

• keep sealed
• core sampling
• testing nutrition and fermentation

Question 7

what kind of testing do you use for silage

Answer 7

core sampling

Question 8

what kind of testing do you use for grain

Answer 8

grab samples

Question 9

sampling forages

Answer 9

• Grab sample
• core sample
• sample numbers and composites

Question 10

what are the two general analytical procedures used in feed analysis

Answer 10

• proximate analysis
• van soest analysis

Question 11

in a feed analysis, what are the specific analytical procedures

Answer 11

• vitamins
• minerals
• toxins

Question 12

what are other forms of feed analysis

Answer 12

• near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
• biological models

Question 13

what is the history behind feed analysis

Answer 13

• 1860
• Weende Analysis/ Weende Experiment Station

Question 14

proximate analysis

Answer 14

series of procedures used to determine nutrient categories
- quantitative method to determine amount of different macronutrients in feed

Question 15

what are the 6 fractions of proximate analysis

Answer 15

DM
EE
CF
CP
Ash
NFE

Question 16

water

Answer 16

dry matter

Question 17

crude protein

Answer 17

protiens

Question 18

ether extract

Answer 18

lipids

Question 19

ash

Answer 19

minerals

Question 20

crude fiber

Answer 20

carbs

Question 21

nitrogen free extract

Answer 21

carbs

Question 22

Key Points to Dry Matter (DM)

Answer 22

• moisture meters
• microwave equipment
• freeze drying

Question 23

“As fed”

Answer 23

air dried

Question 24

how do you perform dry matter

Answer 24

weigh sample, dry it, weigh sample again

Question 25

moisture meters (DM)

Answer 25

- immediate - depend on electrical conductivity - precision lower

Question 26

microwave equipment (DM)

Answer 26

- may not be as accurate - temp control IMPORTANT

Question 27

freeze drying (DM)

Answer 27

- best technique - can only do small sampling at a time

Question 28

problems with dry matter

Answer 28

fermented feeds

Question 29

what does crude protein (CP) determine

Answer 29

quantity and measures nitrogen in material

Question 30

how is the nitrogen expressed as in CP

Answer 30

N times 6.25

Question 31

What procedure foes with CP

Answer 31

Kjeldahl Procedure

Question 32

how is CP analyzed

Answer 32

- digest feed in concentrated H2SO4 - mixed with NaOH and titrated with acid

Question 33

what type of animal is CP not useful in

Answer 33

non-ruminants

Question 34

fats are not...

Answer 34

water soluble

Question 35

how do you analyze ether extract

Answer 35

-reflux sample with ether - measure material left behind

Question 35

what does ether extract determine (EE)

Answer 35

determines fat content

Question 36

what is the importance of ether extract figures

Answer 36

energy value

Question 37

what is possible misinformation for EE

Answer 37

soluble compound not useful to the animal

Question 38

what is Ash

Answer 38

-residue remaining after a high temp burn

Question 39

what is left in ash

Answer 39

inorganic compounds

Question 40

how is crude fiber determined (CF)

Answer 40

- boil an ether extracted sample in dilute acid and then dilute base - sample burnt in 600 degrees

Question 41

what is the difference between pre and post burn quantity

Answer 41

CF

Question 42

misinformation about CF

Answer 42

- excludes some fiber - contains lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose

Question 43

Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)

Answer 43

- no extraction - represents the non fibrous carbohydrate fraction

Question 44

how is NFE calculated

Answer 44

by difference NFE+100-(water+CP+EE+CF+ASH)

Question 45

what is the problem with NFE

Answer 45

calculated not measured so there are better methods to measure starch

Question 46

what type of carbs does NFE look at

Answer 46

soluble carbs

Question 47

what type of carbs does Crude Fiber look at

Answer 47

fibrous carbs