Exam 2 pt. 2 Flashcards
(224 cards)
general deficiency of BOTH PROTEIN AND CALORIES
Marasmus
*weight below 60th percentile
presents with:
- Prominent abdomen from edema due to low albumin**
- Sparing of subcutaneous fat and muscle
- Hair loss
- Pale, scaly skin
- Fatty liver
- Recurrent infections
Kwashiorkor
deficiency of PROTEIN ONLY
Kwashiorkor
presents with:
- Lack of edema since albumin normal or slightly reduced**
- Muscle breakdown/loss
- Subcutaneous fat loss
- Very thing extremities
- Old appearance
- Apathetic, withdrawn, and lethargic
- Vitamins and mineral deficiency
- Recurrent infections
Marasmus
deficiency of protein and calories that is second to CANCER
Cachexia
*Inadequate intake of proteins and calories in the diet
presents with:
- tumor necrosis factor, proteolysis-inducing factor secreted leads to increased catabolic activity
Cachexia
*Similar appearance to marasmus,
self-induced starvation, marked weight loss
anorexia
Binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting
bulimia
*Sometimes shows Russell’s sign on knuckles
presents with:
- Amenorrhea
- Decreased bone density
- Dry skin and hair
- Cold intolerance
- Bradycardia
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Unregulated potassium
- Cardiac arrthymias
anorexia and/or bulima
presents with:
- Night blindness
- Dry conjunctiva (xerosis), small grey plaques (Bitot’s Spots)
- Ulceration and necrosis of cornea (keratomalacia)
- Skin changes to dry with popular eruptions
- Immune dysfunction
- Increased risk for infection
Vit. A deficiency
presents with:
- Rarely occurs in elderly after excess ingestion
- Acute and chronic toxicity
- Bone pain, liver damage, weight loss
Hypervitaminosis A
presents with:
- Nervous and cardiovascular systems
- Beriberi disease forms
- alcohol abuse (Korsakoff’s Syndrome or Wernicke’ss Encephalopathy)
- edema
Vit. B1 (thiamine) deficiency
thiamine
Vit. B1
Beriberi Disease Forms
- “Dry” – peripheral neuropathy
- “Wet” – Cardiomyopathy
- “Infantile” – Cardiac failure, cyanosis
korsakoff’s Syndrome
amnesia, psychosis
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
abnormal gait, aphasia, confusion
presents with:
- Seen in elderly and chronic alcoholics
- Scurvy**
Vitamin C Deficiency
signs of scurvy
- Swollen, bleeding gums
- Poor wound healing
- Loss of teeth
- Hyperkeratosis of hair follicles
- Easy bruising
- Petechia- minor skin hemorrhages
presents with:
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Vit. D Deficiency
adults characterized by bone thinning and muscle weakness
Osteomalacia
in children characterized by impaired bone development and growth (bowing of extremities)
Rickets
Essential for calcium and phosphate homeostasis and caused by inadequate sun, malabsorption, and hepatic/renal disease
vit. D deficiency
presents with:
- Dehydration
- Muscle weakness
- Constipation
- High levels of calcium → calcification of heart, vasculature and kidneys
Hypervitaminosis D
the most common form of Vit. E deficiency
Tocopheral