Spring Exam 3 Flashcards
(412 cards)
what type of cast?
- Lump edges
- Contain anucleate, slightly reddish, pale discs
- Establishes kidney as source of bleeding, not lower urinary tract
- Signify glomerular disease**
Red cell casts
type of cellular casts
describe the kidney size and endocrine fxn in acute and chronic renal failure
Acute: normal or swollen, endocrine fxn is preserved
Chronic: normal or decreased, anemia, bone disease is common
-Frequency/age distribution: Extremely common in men over age 50 – incidence increased with age by “law of 10’s (e.g. 70% at age 70, etc)
Hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH)
Histologic Findings:
- Mesangial expansion (too many nucleli)
- Burning bush look on IF
IgA disease/nephropathy
7 Causes of testicular atrophy
- Cryptorchidism
- Atherosclerosis (most common is US)
- Inflammation
- Malnutrition
- Hypopituitarism
- Hormone therapy
- Klinefelter’s Syndrome (sclerosing tubular degeneration)
labs associated w/ acute renal failure
Increased creatinine, BUN, hyperkalemia, acidosis
Causes of what:
- Pulmonary hypertension, lung disease, and pulmonary embolism (cor pulmonale / due to primary lung disease)
- Valve damage
RHF
what type of crystal?
-Pink-red-brown granules
amorphous urate
type of acidic crystal
proteinuria is defined as what
greater than 150mg/dl or between 2+ and 3+ on dipstick
special considerations for a midstream clean catch
Must be refrigerated if not plated within 2 hours
- No 24-hour specimens
- If antibiotic therapy is noted on requisition, lab will process with longer incubation
RBC casts on microscopic examination of urine indicates
- glomerular hematuria
- if renal dysfucntion, nephritic syndrome
Symptoms:
-Often asymptomatic or similar to those for BPH (ie. LUTS)
adenocarcinoma
what type of cast?
-signifys Nephrotic syndrome*
fatty casts
type of inclusion cast
presents with:
- cysts w/ sponge like appearance
- Numerous SMALL cysts in the CORTEX and MEDULLA in a radial pattern
Childhood or autosomal recessive PKD
*Nearly always presents in infancy or childhood, possibly in utero
initial rise: 3-12 hrs
peak rise: 24 hrs
return to normal: 48-72 hrs
clinical relevance: cardiac- specific, best to calculate index
CK-MB
Symptoms:
- LUTS (Lower urinary tract symptoms)- difficulty in starting and stopping urination, frequency and nocturia
- voiding sx
- storage sx
- Incontinence is biggest complaint
Hyperplasia of the prostate (BPH)
- signifies increased nucleoprotein turnover, especially with chemotherapy
- Lesch-Nyhan (overproduce uric acid – hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase deficiency)
large numbers of uric acid crystals
- Usually in patients with gout
- Slow chronic renal dysfunction
Chronic nephropathy
-the prostate is an accessory sex organ situated in the ___ and encircling the ___
retroperitoneum
urethra and bladder neck
*situated with its base at the bladder neck and its apex directed anterioinferiorly at the urogenital diaphragm
- 5% of HTN cases
- identifiable cause (renal, CV, or endocrine disease typically)
Secondary HTN
- Proximal tubular cells affected preferentially
- caused by drugs, contrast, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals, glycols, organic solvents
- less likely to be reversible
toxic acute tubular necrosis/injury
what Renal diseases and Endocrine disease cause secondary HTN
-Renal diseases – acute glomerulonephritis, chronic renal disease, polycystic disease, renal artery stenosis
–Endocrine diseases – Cushing syndrome, excessive licorice ingestion, exogenous hormones (pregnancy, OCP), pheochromocytoma
symptoms of tetralogy of fallot
VSD overriding aorta pulmonary stenosis RVH Right to left shunt
3 types of urine collection and when they are used
- midstream clean catch (for culture)
- urine collection for 24 hr timed specimen (measure electroyltes, proteins and hormones)
- random sample (routine screening)