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Pharmacology II > Exam 2: Respiratory Drugs pt. 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Respiratory Drugs pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Use or indications of Mast Cell Inhibitors

A

Used for prevention of seasonal allergies and exercise-induced asthma

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2
Q

Name a Mast Cell Inhibitor drug preparation

A

Cromolyn (NasalCrom)

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3
Q

Action of Mast Cell Inhibitors

A

Decreases airway hyper-responsiveness by stabilizing the membrane of mast cells so that mediators are not released when challenged by exercise or cold air

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4
Q

Use of Anticholinergics

A
  • Drug of choice for emphysema

- Bronchodilator for bronchospasm with COPD, bronchitis and emphysema

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5
Q

Preparations of Anticholinergics

A
  1. Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair)
  2. Ipratropium (Atrovent)
  3. Tiotropium (Spiriva Handihaler)
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6
Q

Mechanism of Anticholinergics

A
  • Blocks the action of acetylcholine at parasympathetic sites in bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation
  • Decreases cGMP levels
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7
Q

Side effects of Anticholinergics

A
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Nasal congestion
  • Dyspnea
  • Sputum increased
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8
Q

Children with asthma often experience mouthbreathing which may lead to what craniofacial development?

A
  1. Vaulted palate
  2. Increased anterior facial height
  3. Greater overjet
  4. Higher prevalence of crossbite
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9
Q

What are common medication-related oral care considerations with asthma

A
  1. Xerostomia from beta 2 agonists
    a. Bacterial, fungal and viral infections
  2. Potential for acid erosion of enamel
    a. Beta agonists and theophylline exacerbate reflux disease
  3. Candidiasis
    a. Long-term use of inhaled steroids
  4. Headache
    a. Side effect of anti-leukotrienes, theophylline, some antihistamines
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10
Q

Avoid what drugs with theophylline?

A

Avoid erythromycin and ciprofloxacin = toxicity reaction

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11
Q

When should appointments be scheduled with those with asthma?

A

For late morning. Attacks are at nighttime

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12
Q

Why should you avoid opiates in asthma patients?

A

They release histamine

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13
Q

Pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Chronic airflow obstruction
  • Chronic inflammation of airways
  • Excessive sputum = blocked airways
  • *Collapse of peripheral airways
  • Smooth muscle hyperplasia
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14
Q

Etiology of Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • Smoking-related

- Recurrent bronchial infections in non-smokers

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15
Q

Medications used to manage chronic bronchitis

A
  1. Adrenergic agonists = bronchodilators (inhalers)
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Expectorants
  4. Antitussives
  5. Antibiotics
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16
Q

Use of Expectorants

A

Loosens phlegm and thins bronchial secretions to make cough productive

17
Q

Mechanism of Expectorants

A
  • Irritation of stomach while stimulating respiratory fluid volume (lubricates)
  • Decrease mucous viscosity
18
Q

Give the generic name for Expectorants

A

Guaifenesin (Mucinex, Robitussin)

19
Q

Use of Anti-tussive drugs?

A
  • Symptomatic relief of coughs

- Most effective for a chronic nonproductive cough

20
Q

Mechanism of Anti-tussive drugs

A
  • Depresses cough center in medulla

- Chemical relative of morphine lacking narcotic properties except in overdose

21
Q

Give generic name for Anti-tussive drugs

A
  • Dextromethorphan

Robitussin, Vicks 44

22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Emphysema?

A
  • Smoke injures alveolar epithelium
  • Triggers release of inflammatory mediators that attract activated neutrophils
  • Neutrophils release elastase that destroys the alveolar walls
  • Destruction causes enlarged air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles and loss of elastic recoil of the lung
  • Obstruction is caused by collapse of these unsupported air spaces on EXPIRATION, not inspiration
23
Q

Etiology of Emphysema

A
  • Smoking related

- Genetic alpha antitrypsin deficiency

24
Q

Symptoms of Emphysema

A
  1. Barrel chest = loss of elastic recoil
  2. Increased respiratory effort
  3. Forced expiration
  4. Pink puffing
  5. Exertional dyspnea
25
Q

List the medications used to manage Emphysema

A
  1. Ipratropium (Atrovent)
  2. Beta adrenergic agonists (long acting)
  3. Oral and inhaled corticosteroids
  4. Xanthines
26
Q

All drugs used to manage emphysema produce what?

A

Bronchodilation to reduce the “work” of breathing

27
Q

Dental treatment considerations for patients with COPD

A
  1. Promote smoking cessation
  2. Watch for wheezing, orthopnea while recumbent = seat pt. in a semi-reclining position
  3. Activate EMS for acute respiratory distress
  4. Avoid opiates and barbiturates
  5. Red Flag drug interactions if taking theophylline
  6. If severe, pt is risk for pulmonary hypertension, increasing risk for cardiac arrhythmias = avoid stress

Pharmacology II (24 decks)

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