Exam 3 Subluxation Part 1

Question 1

What are the 4 distinct ways that “subluxation” is used by our profession?

Answer 1

Chiropractic theory
Professional Identity
Clinical Finding Clinical Diagnosis

Question 2

T/F: DD Palmer was the first to say that symptoms/dysfunction are caused by pinched nerves.

Answer 2

False; No one in Chiropractic (should) claim the nerves are pinched. DD said it was due to subluxation of a vertebrae which narrows the interverebral foramina.
“The real, primary cause of disease is tension; the cause of tension is pressure; the cause of pressure in 95% of diseased conditions is subluxated vertebrae.”

Question 3

“The real, primary cause of disease is tension; the cause of tension is pressure; the cause of pressure in ___% of diseased conditions is subluxated vertebrae.”

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

T/F: Marked or prolonged compression of the nerve roots within the IVF was hypothesized to lead to increased neural activity, increased pain, parasthesia, and hypertonic muscles according to the theory of subluxation induced nerve root compression.

Answer 4

False; this is true of moderate compression. marked/prolonged induces loss of function

Question 5

T/F: Nerves may be impinged upon by any displaced bone, but pinched only by fracture and extreme displacement.

Answer 5

True (according to DD)

Question 6

T/F: Occlusion of the IVF is the primary cause of disease, according to DD Palmer.

Answer 6

False; impingement/pressure, not squeezing or pinched

Question 7

Why are spinal nerve rootlets at the interpedicular region more susceptible to pressure, inflammation and ischemia than are the nerve roots as they exit the IVF? What structure is especially susceptible here?

Answer 7

spinal nerve rootlets lack the epineural covering t the interpedicular region;
DRGs

Question 8

T/F: Chronically injured dorsal nerve roots respond more vigorously to mechanical deformation.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T/F: Spinal nerve roots must be DIRECTLY compressed by bony structures to develop pathological dysunction.

Answer 9

False, other stuctrues within the IVF (blood vessels, lymphatics, fat, etc) can compress the nerve roots

Question 10

Sustained misalignment or inflammation of th spinal motion segment may stretch or compress the local vascular structures, which can lead to what?

Answer 10

disruption of the neural blood supply and neuroischemia

Question 11

T/F: Mechanical pressures and tension can lead to subclinical neurophysiologic alterations ranging from changes in intraneural protein composition to altered nerve conduction.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

T/F: The density of sodium ion channels in the soma and initial segment of the DRG cells is relatively low, suggesting these regions may be unusually unexcitable.

Answer 12

False; relatively high, thus, unusually excitable

Question 13

T/F: DRs and DRGs are less susceptible to the effects of mechanical compression.

Answer 13

False; more susceptible

Question 14

T/F: Whether spinal manipulation can alter neural function by mechanically changing compressional pressures or reducing the concentration of metabolites in the IVF is unknow,

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What region is most likely narrowed by joint malposition which contributes to dysfunction of the spinal NRs?

Answer 15

interpedicular zone

Question 16

Do subluxations have a better chance of altering NR function if they are secondary to other disorders or primary?

Answer 16

secondary to other disorders that have already let to narrowing of the lateral recess (disc herniation, DJD, etc)

Question 17

What is the term for subluxations which presents it as a more complex, multifaceted pathologic entity?

Answer 17

vertebral sublation complex

Question 18

What is the term for an aggregate of signs and symptoms that relate to pathophysiology or dysfunction of spinal and pelvic motion segments or to periperal joints?

Answer 18

subluxation syndrome

Question 19

What was important about the combined works of Henri Gillet, Fred Illi, James Mennell, Raymond Sandoz, and Joh Faye?

Answer 19

the importance of the dynamic characteristics of joint subluxation moved to the forefront which allowd the scientiific comunity to be more open to the Chiropractic profession as a whole

Question 20

What is assessed in an orthoneurologic exam which aids in the determining of the prognosis?

Answer 20

assesses the state of the pathologic tissue changes

Question 21

T/F: the biomechanical analysis of the vertebral subluxation complex determines the therapeutic procedures to be used an the treatment schedule.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What 3 broad categories of components can the VSC be divided into?

Answer 22

mechanical, neurobiologic, and inflammatory-vascular components

Question 23

What is the premise behind Chiropractic?

Answer 23

correcting the vertebral subluxation

Question 24

T/F: the principal therapeutic effort of chiropractic addresses a biomechanical fault

Answer 24

true

Question 25

T/F: A Chiropractic adjustment can be described as high velocity, low-amplitude, long leverage dynamic thrust of a controlled direction.

Answer 25

False; short leverage

Question 26

What is the audible cracking sound you sometimes hear during an adjustments?

Answer 26

cavitation

Question 27

Why do chiropractors use adjustments?

Answer 27

to influence joint and neurophysiologic function

Question 28

What are the 5 components of the Vertebral Subluxation Complex originally outlined by Faye in the 1980s?

Answer 28

``` Kinesiopathology, Neuropathology, Myopathology, Histopathology, Biomechanical abnormalities` ```

Question 29

T/F: When there is a change in structure, there will be a change in function.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Why does vertebral hypomobility sometimes cause pain and abnormal spinal mechanics?

Answer 30

because of changes in sensory input from spinal and paraspinal tissues

Question 31

T/F: Both fibrosis and persistent muscle hypotonicity typically cause pain and dysfunction.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T/F: Aggressive early care and restoration of motion provide the best opportunity for optimal healing while bed rest and increases the chances of long-term disability.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Who were the guys responsible for the Theory of Altered Somatic and Visceral Reflexes?

Answer 33

Earl Homewood and Irwin Korr