Exam 3 (Topic 11)

Question 1

How can you use antibodies to visualize antigens inside a cell?

Answer 1

By covalently linking them to fluorophores

Question 2

First observer of chromosomes

Answer 2

Walter Flemming

Question 3

Worked on Streptococcus Pneumonia

Answer 3

Fred Griffith

Question 4

Worked on Test Tube Analysis of the “Transforming Principle”

Answer 4

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Question 5

Worked on Bacteriophage T2 infection of E. Coli

Answer 5

Alfred Hershey and Marth Chase

Question 6

Polysaccharide capsule that protects it from the host immune system is found in…

Answer 6

The smooth strain of S. Pneumonia

Question 7

No capsule and pathogenic is found in

Answer 7

Rough strain of S. Pneumonia

Question 8

Protein + DNA =

Answer 8

Viruses

Question 9

Hershey and Chase Experiment

Answer 9

Used T2 and inject only radioactive DNA into the cell, the radioactive protein coat remains outside the cell. Isolated only infected E. coli and found the radioactive DNA but NOT the protein.

Question 10

A virus that infects E. Coli

Answer 10

T2

Question 11

How was DNA found to contain two strands wound into a helix

Answer 11

X-ray Diffraction

Question 12

DNA Double helix structure

Answer 12

Watson and Crick

Question 13

Forgotten Discoverer of DNA

Answer 13

Rosalind Franklin

Question 14

DNA is synthesized

Answer 14

5’–> 3’

Question 15

Strands that complete the double helix of DNA are

Answer 15

Anti-parallel complementary strands

Question 16

A-T and C-G are stabilized by…

Answer 16

Hydrogen Bonding

Question 17

DNA has an over all - charge because…

Answer 17

of the highly - charged phosphate backbone

Question 18

DNA double helix contains

Answer 18

Major groove (proteins and enzymes bind here) and Minor groove

Question 19

Major and minor grooves are important for…

Answer 19

how proteins interact with the molecule

Question 20

What creates the genetic code

Answer 20

linear arrangements of nucleotides

Question 21

Segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein

Answer 21

Gene

Question 22

The complete set of information in an organism

Answer 22

Genome

Question 23

Collection of all DNA sequence

Answer 23

Genome

Question 24

Each human contains _______ of DNA

Answer 24

2m or 6ft

Question 25

Very long double stranded DNA packaged into specialized structures

Answer 25

Chromosomes (only in Eucaryotic cells)

Question 26

Bacteria carry their genome...

Answer 26

on a single, circular DNA molecule, sometimes referred to as a "bacterial chromosome"

Question 27

The human genome is packaged into ....

Answer 27

24 chromosomes: 22 identical pairs and 2 sex chromosomes (1 pair)

Question 28

Chromosomes differ in size because of...

Answer 28

the number of nucleotides

Question 29

Chromosome need to be able to replicate and divide through the...

Answer 29

Cell Cyce

Question 30

Two main phases of the cell cycle

Answer 30

Interphase and Mitosis (M-phase)

Question 31

Chromosomes are duplicated

Answer 31

Interphase

Question 32

Chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells

Answer 32

Mitosis

Question 33

Chromosomes that are extended into long threads of DNA

Answer 33

Interphase Chromosomes

Question 34

Chromosomes contain...

Answer 34

Replication Origin and Telomeres

Question 35

Specific nucleotide sequence that determines where replication will begin

Answer 35

Replication Origin

Question 36

Special sequences found on the ends of chromosomes that enable the ends of the chromosomes to be replicated

Answer 36

Telomeres

Question 37

Two lipid bilayers containing "nuclear pores" to allow transfer of material

Answer 37

Nuclear Envelope

Question 38

A network of intermediate filaments that stabilizes the nuclear envelope

Answer 38

Nuclear Lamina

Question 39

Region within the nucleus where different chromosomes carrying genes for ribosomal RNA cluster together

Answer 39

Nucleolous (makes ribosomal RNA and other RNA)

Question 40

Chromosomes that do not mix together, but occupy distinct regions of the nucleus

Answer 40

Interphase chromosomes

Question 41

During M phase the DNA coils up into a compact mitotic chromosome

Answer 41

Mitotic Chromosome

Question 42

DNA sequence that allows each copy of chromosomes to be separated during M phase

Answer 42

Centromere

Question 43

Complex of both proteins and DNA in the nucleus

Answer 43

Chromatin

Question 44

Lysing the nucleus

Answer 44

extends DNA

Question 45

When spread out further the DNA resembles beads on a string

Answer 45

nucleosome

Question 46

DNA wound around protein core of histones

Answer 46

nucleosomes

Question 47

Small proteins with a high proportion of + charged lysine and arginine

Answer 47

Histones

Question 48

Complex of 8 histone proteins

Answer 48

Histone Octamer

Question 49

Components of Nucleosomes

Answer 49

Histone Octamer, 147 nt DNA wound around Octamer, Short linker DNA

Question 50

Nucleosome packed on top of one another is dependent on...

Answer 50

Histone H1 (not a part of the histone ocatamer)

Question 51

Binds to the linker DNA and pulls the nucleosome together

Answer 51

Histone H1

Question 52

During ______ chromatin can be condensed further

Answer 52

Mitosis

Question 53

Contains and N-terminal tail which extends from the nucleosome and is subject to covalent modifications to affect nucleosome structure

Answer 53

Histone H3 (Part of that Histone Octamer)

Question 54

Acetyl, Phosphate, and Methyl

Answer 54

functional groups that can be added to individual amino acids

Question 55

Chromosome structure modified by

Answer 55

histone modifying enzymes; reversible, can control chromatin organization to control gene expression

Question 56

Protein complexes that utilize ATP hydrolysis to unwind DNA

Answer 56

Chromatin-remodeling Complexes; makes DNA more accessible; tightly regulated(inactive) during mitosis to maintain tight packaging of chromosomes

Question 57

Most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin

Answer 57

Heterochromatin

Question 58

Typically concentrated at the ends of centromeres of the chromosome

Answer 58

Heterochromatin

Question 59

Formation of the most common form of heterochromatin occurs through

Answer 59

Methylation of lysine 9 on histone H3

Question 60

DNA of interphase chromosomes that is not heterochromatin

Answer 60

Euchromatin

Question 61

So tightly packed that proteins cannot access this DNA

Answer 61

Heterchromatin

Question 62

Formed in X-inactivation to silence one of two X chromosomes permanently

Answer 62

Heterochromatin

Question 63

Inappropriate packaging of genes into heterochromatin can lead to

Answer 63

Disease

Question 64

Histone modification is transferred from

Answer 64

Parental cells to daughter cells

Question 65

One strand of parental DNA contains the modified histones which are then copied onto...

Answer 65

newly synthesized nucleosome

Question 66

Inheritance of specifically modified histone proteins or other covalent modifications that affect chromosome structure

Answer 66

Epigenetic Inheritance

Question 67

The sum of all chromatin modifications in an organism

Answer 67

Epigenome