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Cell Bio > Topic 24 - Stem Cells > Flashcards

Topic 24 - Stem Cells Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Sperm fertilizes the egg to form

A

The first stem cell

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2
Q

Totipotent

A

First stem cells that can develop into any type of cell in the body (including placenta)

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3
Q

First stem cells that can develop into any type of cell in the body (including placenta)

A

Totipotent

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4
Q

First cell divides into

A

Two totipotent stem cells

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5
Q

If separated and implanted after IVF, each cell will devlop into

A

A human

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6
Q

If separated naturally and implanted, each cell develops into

A

Identical twins

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7
Q

Cells continue to divide to yield a small hollow sphere of cells known as

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

Human embryos normally reach the blastocyst stage

A

5-7 days after fertilization

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9
Q

In IVF clinics, human embryos are implanted at the

A

Blastocyst stage

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10
Q

Excess embryos are

A

Either discarded or frozen for later use

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11
Q

Blastocyst-cells specialized and turn into

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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12
Q

More limited developmental potential

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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13
Q

Potential to develop into any cell of the human fetus but not the placenta

A

Inner cell mass

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14
Q

Develop into placenta and supporting tissues but NOT the fetus

A

Outer layer cells

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15
Q

Unlimited capability to develop into all extra embryonic, embryonic, adult types of cells

A

Totipotent Stem Cells

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16
Q

Extensive but limited capability, can develop into most types of cells in an organism

A

Pluripotent Stem Cells

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17
Q

Divide and change their own gene expression

A

Totipotent

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18
Q

Give rise to pluripotent stem cells

A

Totipotent

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19
Q

Stem cells divide and yield other pluripotent stem cells more specialized committed stem cells

A

Pluripotent

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20
Q

Ex. Blood stem cells

21
Q

“Committed” stem cells that divide and yield only specialized cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Unipotent Stem Cells

22
Q

Exist in the adult human body and constantly replace cells of the blood, intestine, and skin

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A

Pluripotent and Unipotent

23
Q

Cell therapy

24
Q

Blood and immune system cells

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A

Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells

25
Bone, cartilage, fat, fibrous connective tissue
Bone marrow stromal stem cells
26
Adult cells that have been reprogrammed to become stem cell like
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
27
Fully differentiated cells that are turned into pluripotent cells
iPS
28
Different than "adult stem cells" because these cells have genes added to them
iPS
29
Inner cell mass can be removed from human blastocyst stage embryos and cultured in
dishes
30
Cells reproduce and maintain
pluripotency
31
Controversy
Destroys "excess" human embryo life | In most IVF clinics these are discarded anyway
32
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) Process
1. Unfertilized egg is removed from adult female 2. The DNA is removed 3. The nucleus from a somatic cell is put into the egg 4. Embyro is devloped into a genetic copy of the somatic cell 5. ESCs can be isolated from the embryo
33
Adult tissue
Somatic cell
34
Dickey-Wicker amendment
1995 - Prohibits federal funding to support the creation of human embryos for research purposes Still in effect
35
President Bush
2001 - executive order that the government will support research only on existing stem cell lines (about 12 available), but not production of new lines
36
Existing stem cell lines were initially grown on
Mouse feeder cells
37
Problem with mouse feeder cells
Could be contaminated with mouse genes or viruses and not useful for treating humans
38
President Obama
2009 - overturns Bush ban on using funds for new stem cell research
39
Current Policy
Allows federal support of research on current lines or new lines developed with non-federal support
40
To better understand normal human development - birth defects
Basic Research
41
Increase effectiveness and decrease side effects - personalized medicine
Drug Testing
42
Source of pluripotent cells to treat type 1 diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, etc.
Cell Therapy
43
Embryonic stem cells can be
Expanded in cultures - few cells divide to provide many | Stimulated to specialize into different types of human cells - ex. insulin-secreting pancreas cells
44
Type 1 Diabetes
Loss of insulin-secreting Beta cells from pancreas leading to insulin deficiency
45
Require for uptake of glucose into muscle and other cells
Insulin
46
Lack of insulin
Build up of toxic levels of glucose in blood
47
Cultured beta cells produce and secrete
insulin
48
Death of dopamine secreting neurons in specific region of the brain
Parkinson's Disease

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