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Cell Bio > Final Topic 24 - Regulation of Cell Cycle and Mechanisms of Mitosis > Flashcards

Final Topic 24 - Regulation of Cell Cycle and Mechanisms of Mitosis Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

The period between one M phase and the next

A

Interphase

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2
Q

A period of growth and surveillance to make sure conditions are optimal for cell division

A

G1

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3
Q

Gap Phase 1

A

G1

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4
Q

The cell replicates its DNA

A

S

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5
Q

Synthesis Phase

A

S

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6
Q

Interval between S and M

A

G2

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7
Q

Gap Phase 2

A

G2

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8
Q

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A

M Phase

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9
Q

Nuclear cell division occurs

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

The cell splits in 2

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Is environment favorable?

A

G1 checkpoint - Enter S phase

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12
Q

Is all DNA replicated? Is all DNA damage repaired?

A

G2 checkpoint - Enter Mitosis

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13
Q

Are all chromosomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle?

A

Checkpoint in Mitosis - Pull duplicated chromosomes apart

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14
Q

If the cell senses that something is wrong or conditions are not optimal to divide it can move the cell into

A

G0 Phase

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15
Q

Resting phase where the cell does not grow or divide

A

G0 Phase

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16
Q

Cell does not grow or divide

A

Senescence

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17
Q

Checkpoint switches

A

Heterodimer Kinases

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18
Q

Dimer contains

A

Cyclin and Cdk

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19
Q

Regulatory Subunit

A

Cyclin

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20
Q

Catalytic subunit

A

Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdk)

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21
Q

Concentration does not vary and no kinase activity

A

Cdk

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22
Q

Have no enzymatic activity,concentrations vary

A

Cyclins

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23
Q

Must bind to Cdk to activate kinase

A

Cyclins

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24
Q

Each Cdk has a distinct and specific cyclin that regulates

A

The substrates the kinase phosphorylates (activates)

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25
Cdk activation
1. Bind to cyclin 2. Protein kinases (inhibitory and activating phosphates are added 3. Activating protein phosphatase removes inhibitory phosphate
26
In order to move on to the next phase, the cyclins from the previous phase
Must be removed from the system
27
Targets cyclins for destruction
Ubiquitylation
28
Ubuiquitylation
Inactivates the corresponding Cdk
29
Before the cell can progress through the cell cycle, it needs to go through a series of
Checkpoints
30
If the cell decides it can't move on, it can
Stop the cell cycle and wait
31
Allows the cell to stop the cell cycle
Cdk Inhibitor Proteins (CIP)
32
Inhibit the cell cycle progression of the cyclin/cdk complexes by inhibiting the Cdk
Cdk Inhibitor Proteins
33
There are three points in which the cell check for
Damaged DNA
34
Three checkpoints for damaged DNA
G1, S, and G2
35
Transcriptional activator
p53
36
p53 turns on
p21 gene
37
Important to DNA repair
p21 and p53
38
If the DNA cannot be repaired the cell can stimulate
Apoptosis
39
Greater than 50% of all cancers have mutations in
p53
40
Replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle assembles between two centrosomes which have begun to move apart
Prophase
41
Prophase
Replicated chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle assembles between two centrosomes which have begun to move apart
42
The duplicated centrosomes move to each pole of the cell and microtubules start polymerizing
Prophase
43
The centrosome in each pole
Spindle pole
44
Microtubules radiating from the spindle pole
Aster Microtubules
45
Microtubules that bind to microtubules from the opposite pole
Interpolar Microtubules
46
Breakdown of the nuclear envelope, chromosomes can now attach to spindle via their kinetochores and undergo active movement
Prometaphase
47
Prometaphase
Breakdown of the nuclear envelope, chromosomes can now attach to spindle via their kinetochores and undergo active movement
48
Disassembly of the nuclear envelope, spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes through kinetochores
Prometaphase
49
Spindle microtubules attach to the chromosomes through
Kinetochores
50
Microtubules bound to the kinetochore of DNA
Kinetochore Microtubules
51
Connect to a chromosome from each pole
Kinetochore Microtubules
52
The mitotic spindle components:
Aster Microtubules Interpolar Microtubules Kinetochore Microtubules
53
The chromosomes attached to the mitotic spindle begin to move around towards the center of the cell
Prometaphase
54
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
Metaphase
55
How is anaphase regulated?
Anaphase promoting complex activation of separase
56
Degrades cohesin
Separase
57
The chromosomes are pulled poleward (towards the poles)
Anaphase A
58
Anaphase A is accomplished by:
1. Depolymerization of microtubules at the kinetechore | 2. (-) end directed motor proteins that pull chromosomes towards the centrosome
59
The poles are pushed and pulled farther apart
Anaphase B
60
Link interpolar microtubules and migrate towards (+) end of the adjacent microtuble
Kinesins
61
Pushes the poles further apart
Kinesins
62
Bind to the cell cortex and migrate towards the pole, (-) end, and pull the poles apart
Dyneins
63
Two sets of chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle, a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set completing the formation of two nuclei and marking the end of mitosis
Telophase
64
Telophase
Two sets of chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle, a new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set completing the formation of two nuclei and marking the end of mitosis
65
Contractile ring if formed and the two daughter cells are cleaved
Cytokinesis
66
Cytokinesis
Contractile ring if formed and the two daughter cells are cleaved
67
Actin and Myosin II form a structure called
Contractile Ring
68
Constricts the cell in a "purse-string" fashion, cleaving the two daughter cells
Myosin II slides past antiparallel filaments of actin

Cell Bio (30 decks)

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