Exam 3 (Topic 14)

Question 1

DNA to RNA

Answer 1

Transcription

Question 2

RNA to Protein

Answer 2

Translation

Question 3

One DNA gene can produce

Answer 3

many RNAs

Question 4

Each RNA can produce

Answer 4

many proteins

Question 5

DNA producing many RNAs which produce many proteins is called

Answer 5

Genetic amplification

Question 6

Linear polymer of four difference ribonucleotides

Answer 6

RNA

Question 7

RNA vs DNA

Answer 7

RNA is single stranded
RNA can fold in a variety of shapes through internal base pairing
RNA has enzymatic function in addition to information

Question 8

Replication vs. Transcription

Answer 8

RNA transcript becomes displaced from DNA template
Only a specific region of the DNA is transcribed
Transcription is carried out by RNA Polymerase

Question 9

Transcription is carried out by

Answer 9

RNA polymerase

Question 10

Moves down the DNA helix unwinding the helix as it goes

Answer 10

RNA polymerase (includes its own “helices” activity)

Question 11

RNA polymerase uses

Answer 11

ribonucleotide triphosphates (ATP, CTP, UTP, and GTP) (hydrolysis of phosphate provides the energy)

Question 12

RNA Polymerase vs DNA Polymerase

Answer 12

RNA p. links ribonucleotides noth deoxyribonucleotides
RNA p. CAN start transcription without a primer
RNA polymerase makes more mistakes

Question 13

Primase

Answer 13

RNA Polymerase

Question 14

In eukaryotes 1 mRNA makes

Answer 14

1 protein

Question 15

RNA that is transcribed from genes in the DNA to be made into proteins

Answer 15

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 16

In prokaryotes 1 mRNA makes

Answer 16

many proteins

Question 17

A structural and catalytic RNA that forms the core of the ribosome

Answer 17

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (used in translation)

Question 18

A folded RNA that forms covalent bonds with amino acids and carries the amino acids to sites of translation

Answer 18

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 19

Small hairpin RNAs that regulate eukaryotic gene expression and the stability of mRNA to control gene expression

Answer 19

Micro RNAs (miRNA) and Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

Question 20

Procaryotic Transcription COME BACK TO!!!

Answer 20

1. RNA p. binds to circular DNA and looks for promoter

2. COME BACK TO!!!!

Question 21

Specific sequence of DNA indicating the start site for transcription

Answer 21

Promoter

Question 22

Conserved DNA sequences that direct RNA polymerase during transcription

Answer 22

Promoter

Question 23

Conserved sequence is -10nt and -35nt from the transcription start site

Answer 23

Upstream promoter

Question 24

RNA promoters can only bind the promoter

Answer 24

in one direction

Question 25

Transcription can go

Answer 25

in multiple directions depending on which template strand the promoter is in

Question 26

Pro vs Eu Transcription

Answer 26

Eu. have 3 RNA polymerases and Pro only has one Pro requires sigma factor to recognize promoter Eu requires General Transcription Factors for initiation and promoter recognition

Question 27

DNA sequence rich in T and A

Answer 27

TATA box; typically located about -25 nt from the start site; thats 25 nucleotides upstream; only present in Eu.

Question 28

Eucaryotic transcription requires __________ to initiate

Answer 28

General Transcription factors

Question 29

Eucaryotic Transcription Steps

Answer 29

1. TFIID/TBP binds to TATA box and bends DNA 2. RNA p. II transcription initiation complex 3. RNA p. II phosphorylated by TFIIH and starts transcription 4. Dephosphorylation by phophatases stops transcription

Question 30

Bacteria transcribe and translate

Answer 30

at the same time

Question 31

Eucaryotes transcribe in

Answer 31

Nucleus

Question 32

Eucaryotes translate in

Answer 32

Cytoplasm

Question 33

pre-mRNA

Answer 33

immature mRNA

Question 34

Two main steps that occur only on pre-mRNA

Answer 34

Addition of 5' cap and 3' poly A tail

Question 35

Occurs after 25 nucleotides have been transcribed

Answer 35

5' cap

Question 36

Addition of 7-methylguanosine triphosphate to the 5' carbon of the first nucleotide of mRNA

Answer 36

5' cap

Question 37

Addition of a series of repeated adenine nucleotides to the end of mRNA

Answer 37

3' poly A tail

Question 38

Increases the stability of the mRNA, aids in export from the nucleus, and is used during translation to make sure mRNA is fully intact

Answer 38

5' cap and 3' poly A tail (only happens in Euc.) (takes place in nucleus)

Question 39

In bacteria, most mRNA contain

Answer 39

the uninterrupted coding region

Question 40

In eucaryotes, genes contain both ________ and ____________ called "pre-mRNA"

Answer 40

Exons and Introns

Question 41

Coding region

Answer 41

Exon

Question 42

Noncoding region

Answer 42

Intron

Question 43

Must be removed from mRNA before translation

Answer 43

Introns

Question 44

Introns are removed by

Answer 44

Splicing (takes place in nucleus)

Question 45

All noncoding introns are spliced out of a pre-mRNA by the

Answer 45

spliceosome

Question 46

Not all ______ are included in the final mRNA

Answer 46

exons

Question 47

mRNAs can undergo

Answer 47

Alternative Splicing

Question 48

The selective inclusion or exclusion of exons

Answer 48

Alternative Splicing

Question 49

One pre-mRNA can make

Answer 49

many different mRNA which make different proteins