Exam 4 (Topic 19)

Question 1

Lipid-bilayers are impermeable to…

Answer 1

MOST molecules

Question 2

Regulate what the cell gets rid of and takes in

Answer 2

Transporters and Channels

Question 3

Very high in K+

Answer 3

Inside of the cell

Question 4

Very high in Na+

Answer 4

Outside of the cell

Question 5

Required to maintain difference of K+ and Na+

Answer 5

Membrane transport proteins

Question 6

Create a barrier to the passage of most molecules

Answer 6

The lipid bilayer

Question 7

The rate of passage varies depending on

Answer 7

Size and solubility (polarity or charge)

Question 8

Readily diffuse across the bilayer

Answer 8

Small nonpolar molecules (O2, CO2)

Question 9

Diffuse rapidly if the are small enough

Answer 9

Uncharged polar (H2O, Ethanol)

Question 10

Very impermeable to diffusion across the lipid bilayer

Answer 10

Larger uncharged polar and Ions

Question 11

Two classes of membrane transport proteins

Answer 11

1. Channels

2. Transporters

Question 12

Allow molecules of certain size or charge

Answer 12

Channel (if open, molecule can pass through)

Question 13

Allow passage to those molecules that fit into its binding site

Answer 13

Transporters (bind with high specificity like enzymes)

Question 14

Bind with high specificity like enzymes

Answer 14

Transporters

Question 15

Membrane transport proteins are

Answer 15

Multipass transmembrane proteins

Question 16

Solutes cross membranes by

Answer 16

Passive or Active Transport

Question 17

Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Answer 17

Passive Transport

Question 18

Molecules move down a concentration gradient

Answer 18

Passive Transport

Question 19

Does not require any energy

Answer 19

Passive Transport

Question 20

Sometimes called Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 20

Passive Transport

Question 21

Another name for Passive Transport

Answer 21

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 22

Molecules move from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

Answer 22

Active Transport

Question 23

Molecules move up a concentration gradient

Answer 23

Active Transport

Question 24

Requires energy

Answer 24

Active Transport

Question 25

Must be couple to some other process that releases energy

Answer 25

Active Transport

Question 26

Many active transport proteins are called

Answer 26

Pumps

Question 27

The plasma membrane has transporters for

Answer 27

Nucleotide Sugar (Glucose) Amino Acids Ions

Question 28

The_________ uses transporters for H+ to keep the pH very low

Answer 28

Lysosome

Question 29

Lysosome uses transporters for

Answer 29

H+ to keep the pH very low

Question 30

The ___________ uses transporters for Pyruvate and ATP

Answer 30

Mitochondria

Question 31

The mitochondria uses transporters for

Answer 31

Pyruvate and ATP

Question 32

Glucose Transporter

Answer 32

(Glucose Uniporter) Found in the plasma membrane of many animal cells

Question 33

Moves glucose down a concentration gradient

Answer 33

Passive Transport

Question 34

Can switch reversibly between two different conformations

Answer 34

Protein

Question 35

Once glucose binds, the protein

Answer 35

switches conformations and carries the glucose molecules inside the cell

Question 36

Starvation

Answer 36

Low glucose outside the cell

Question 37

Glucose is made in the cell through

Answer 37

gluconeogenesis

Question 38

Glucose is transported out of the cell into the

Answer 38

Bloodstream down its concentration gradient

Question 39

Does a glucose transporter require energy

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Passive transport of charged molecules is dependent on

Answer 40

The electrochemical gradient

Question 41

Electrochemical Gradient

Answer 41

1. The concentration gradient | 2. The membrane potential

Question 42

Outside cell charge

Answer 42

Positive

Question 43

Inside cell charge

Answer 43

Negative

Question 44

***The cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane

Answer 44

has a negative membrane potential relative to the outside

Question 45

Charged ions will move

Answer 45

down their membrane potential

Question 46

A negative ion will move

Answer 46

from inside the cell to outside

Question 47

Membrane Potential

Answer 47

The difference in electrical charge on either side of the membrane

Question 48

The difference in electrical charge on either side of the membrane

Answer 48

Membrane Potential

Question 49

Passive transport of charged molecules is dependent upon

Answer 49

The electrochemical gradient

Question 50

The movement of charged solute is dependent on

Answer 50

The sum of the concentration gradient and the membrane potential

Question 51

When there is a lot of positive charges outside the cell, electrochemical gradient, when voltage and concentration gradients work...

Answer 51

In the same direction

Question 52

When there is a lot of positive charges inside the cell, electrochemical gradient, when voltage and concentration gradients work...

Answer 52

In opposite directions

Question 53

Na+ wants inside for

Answer 53

the negative charge

Question 54

Ka+ doesn't want to outside because of

Answer 54

the positive charge outside

Question 55

When solutes move against their electrochemical gradient

Answer 55

Active Transport

Question 56

Three ways cells use active transport

Answer 56

1. Coupled transporters 2. ATP-driven pumps 3. Light driven pumps

Question 57

Light driven pumps

Answer 57

found mainly in bacteria (bacteriorhodopsin)

Question 58

Pumps both Na+ and K+ against their electrochemical gradient

Answer 58

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

Question 59

ATPase

Answer 59

can hydrolyze ATP itself for energy

Question 60

NA+/K+ ATPase Pump is important for

Answer 60

keeping the cytoplasm low in Na+ and high in K+

Question 61

Responsible for keeping the cytoplasm low in Na+ and high in K+

Answer 61

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

Question 62

Na+/K+ ATPase pump process

Answer 62

1. Na+ binds inside the cell 2. Na+/K+ pump phosphorylates itself 3. Conformation changes and releases Na+ 4. K+ binds to pump 5. Pump is dephosphorylated 6. Conformation changes and K+ is released

Question 63

The plasma membrane is permeable to

Answer 63

water

Question 64

Water will flow from low solute (more water) to high solute (less water)

Answer 64

Osmosis

Question 65

To facilitate osmosis, cells

Answer 65

Contain water channels called aquaporins

Question 66

Water channels

Answer 66

Aquaporins

Question 67

Allows water to move through the cell

Answer 67

Aquaporins

Question 68

Osmosis is ________ transport.

Answer 68

Passive

Question 69

Keeps the pH of the lysosome low

Answer 69

H+ ATPase pump

Question 70

Regulate the pH of the cytoplasm by pumping H+ out of the cell

Answer 70

H+ ATPase Pump

Question 71

Important for keeping the pH of the lysosome low by pumping H+ into the lysosome

Answer 71

H+ ATPase Pump

Question 72

_______ is needed in lysosome to help degrade molecules

Answer 72

Low pH

Question 73

Couple transport agains an electrochemical gradient with transport down an electrochemical grandient

Answer 73

Coupled Transporters

Question 74

Two types of coupled transporters

Answer 74

1. Symport | 2. Antiport

Question 75

When both solutes move in the same direction

Answer 75

Symport

Question 76

When the two solutes move in opposite directions

Answer 76

Antiport

Question 77

Do coupled transporters require energy

Answer 77

No

Question 78

Gut epithelium is lined by

Answer 78

Intestinal epithelial cells

Question 79

Epithelial cells in the lumen of the gut are separated by

Answer 79

Tight Junctions

Question 80

Faces the gut lumen

Answer 80

Apical side

Question 81

Faces the bloodstream and tissues

Answer 81

Basolateral Side

Question 82

Epithelial cells have _________ on apical side to increase cell surface area

Answer 82

Microvilli

Question 83

Increase surface area of the cell

Answer 83

Microvilli

Question 84

Allows the import of glucose from the gut against its concentration gradient

Answer 84

Glucose-Na+ Symporter | Into the cell; Apical side

Question 85

Regulates membrane potential

Answer 85

Na+/K+ pump (Basolateral Side)

Question 86

Releases glucose to the blood stream if needed

Answer 86

Glucose uniporter (Basolateral Side)

Question 87

Glucose-Na+ Symporter

Answer 87

Apical Side - into the cell

Question 88

Na+/K+ pump

Answer 88

Basolateral Side

Question 89

Glucose uniporter

Answer 89

Basolater Side

Question 90

The energy comes from the Na+ electrochemical gradient

Answer 90

Active Transport

Question 91

Allows cells to maximize glucose uptake, even if the cell or bloodstream is rich in glucose

Answer 91

Glucose-Na+ Symporter | Active Transport

Question 92

During starvation conditions

Answer 92

Gut lumen = low in glucose Cell = high in glucose (because of gluconeogenesis) Bloodstream (Extracellular) = Low in glucose

Question 93

What type of molecules most easily pass through the plasma membrane?

Answer 93

Small non polar

Question 94

Molecules passing through the plasma membrane order

Answer 94

1. small non polar (easiest) 2. Uncharged polar 3. Larger uncharged polar and ions (hardest)

Question 95

Bacteriorhodopsin is _________ transport

Answer 95

Active

Question 96

Pump: Up: Energy

Answer 96

Active Transport

Question 97

NA + goes

Answer 97

Down gradient

Question 98

Glucose goes

Answer 98

Up gradient

Question 99

K+ goes

Answer 99

Up gradient