Exam 4 (Topic 20)

Question 1

Increases membrane surface

Answer 1

Cristae

The inner membrane of mitochondria form extensive folds

Question 2

Where is the electron transport chain?

Answer 2

Folds of the inner membrane (cristae)

Question 3

Two main stages of the ETC

Answer 3

1. Oxidation of electron carriers and pumping of protons (down the gradient) across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space
2. Creation of ATP

Question 4

Stage 1 and Stage 2 are two separate events but a ___________ ____________ relationship

Answer 4

Chemiosmotic Coupling

Question 5

Refers to ATP synthesis

Answer 5

chemi

Question 6

Refers to the movement of H+ across a membrane

Answer 6

Osmotic

Question 7

Energy from the passage of electrons through the ETC is used to pump protons across the membrane creating a very large

Answer 7

Proton gradient

Question 8

Protons flow back down the electrochemical gradient through

Answer 8

ATP synthase

Question 9

Protein complex that makes ATP from ADP + Pi

Answer 9

ATP synthase

Question 10

In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the ________ to the _________ to form the proton gradient.

Answer 10

Matrix, Intermembrane space

Question 11

NADH and FADH2 are ___________ in the ETC and converted back to ____ and ______

Answer 11

Oxidized

NAD+ and FAD

Question 12

The electrons move down the ETC and combine with O2 to make

Answer 12

H2O

Question 13

_______________________ provides the energy to pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space

Answer 13

The passage of electrons down the ETC

Question 14

Protons are going _________ their electrochemical gradient

Answer 14

against

Question 15

________________ drives the synthesis of ATP and is called __________________

Answer 15

Resulting proton gradient

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

ETC is made up of over ____ proteins

Answer 16

40

Question 17

Three main respiratory enzyme complexes

Answer 17

1. NADH dehydrogenase complex
2. Cytochrome b-c1 complex
3. Cytochrome oxidase complex

Question 18

1. NADH dehydrogenase complex
2. Cytochrome b-c1 complex
3. Cytochrome oxidase complex

Answer 18

Three main respiratory enzyme complexes

Question 19

ETC begins when…

Answer 19

hydride ion is removed from NADH

NADH becomes oxidized

Question 20

What energy pumps 1 H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space?

Answer 20

Two electrons are passed through the NADH dehydrogenase complex and energy is released

Question 21

Electrons are passed from the NADH dehydrogenase complex to

Answer 21

Ubiquinone

Question 22

Small lipid soluble molecule that shuttles electrons from NADH dehydrogenase complex to the cytochrome b-c1 complex

Answer 22

Ubiquinone

Question 23

Electrons are passed from Ubiquinone to the

Answer 23

Cytochrome b-c1 complex

Question 24

Passage of electrons through the cytochrome b-c1 complex releases energy which is used to

Answer 24

pump 1 H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space

Question 25

Electrons are passed from cytochrome b-c1 complex to

Answer 25

cytochrome c

Question 26

A protein that shuttles electrons from the cyctochrome b-c1 complex to the cytochrome oxidase complex

Answer 26

Cytochrome c

Question 27

Electrons are passed throught the Cytochrome oxidase complex and again release energy to

Answer 27

pump 1 H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space

Question 28

Cytochrome oxidase complex

Answer 28

4 e- + 4 H+ + 1 O2 --> 2 H2O

Question 29

Path of electrons in ETC

Answer 29

1. NADH--> NADH dehyrogenase complex (1 H+ pumped) 2. NADH dehydrogenase complex --> Ubiquinon (shuttle) 3. Ubiquinone (shuttle) --> Cytochrome b-c1 complex (1 H+ pumped) 4. Cytochrome b-c1 complex --> cytochrome c (shuttle) 5. Cytochrome c (shuttle) --> cytochrome oxidase complex (1 H+ pumped) 6. Cytochrome oxidase complex --> O2 --> H2O

Question 30

Step 1 of the path of electrons in ETC

Answer 30

NADH--> NADH dehyrogenase complex (1 H+ pumped)

Question 31

Step 2 of the path of electrons in ETC

Answer 31

NADH dehydrogenase complex --> Ubiquinon (shuttle)

Question 32

Step 3 of the path of electrons in ETC

Answer 32

Ubiquinone (shuttle) --> Cytochrome b-c1 complex (1 H+ pumped)

Question 33

Step 4 of the path of electrons in ETC

Answer 33

Cytochrome b-c1 complex --> cytochrome c (shuttle)

Question 34

Step 5 of the path of electrons in ETC

Answer 34

Cytochrome c (shuttle) --> cytochrome oxidase complex (1 H+ pumped)

Question 35

Step 6 of the path of electrons in ETC

Answer 35

Cytochrome oxidase complex --> O2 --> H2O

Question 36

What does not pump H+ from the mitochrondria matrix to the mitochondria intermembrane space?

Answer 36

Cytochrome C | Ubiquinone

Question 37

Pumping H+ across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space creates two things:

Answer 37

1. A large membrane potential | 2. A pH gradient

Question 38

The matrix has an overall negative charge and the intermembrane space has an overall positive charge

Answer 38

Membrane potential

Question 39

More H+ in the intermembrane space, so pH is lower than in the matrix

Answer 39

pH gradient

Question 40

Combined, two gradients (membrane potential and pH gradient) add up to a steep

Answer 40

electrochemical gradient

Question 41

Makes it energetically favorable for H+ to flow back into the matrix

Answer 41

Electrochemical gradient

Question 42

It is energetically favorable for H+ to flow back into the matrix

Answer 42

Proton Motive Force

Question 43

Can be used to make ATP

Answer 43

Proton Motive Force

Question 44

H+ move down the gradient through a protein complex called

Answer 44

ATP synthase

Question 45

The energetically favorable movement of H+ is used by ______________ to catalyze ADP + Pi --> ATP

Answer 45

ATP synthase

Question 46

Molecular turbine

Answer 46

ATP Synthase

Question 47

Two main complexes of ATP Synthase

Answer 47

F0 and F1

Question 48

The transmembrane portion that allows H+ to flow back through the inner membrane

Answer 48

F0

Question 49

A "lollipop" head portion that contains ATPase enzymatic activity

Answer 49

F1

Question 50

The F1 is in the

Answer 50

mitochondria matrix

Question 51

H+ flow down the electrochemical gradient through a channel in the ____ portion of ATP synthase

Answer 51

F0 | Causing the F0 "stalk" to rotate

Question 52

________ changes the conformation of the F1 portion of ATP synthase which activates the ATPase activity

Answer 52

Rotation

Question 53

Activates the ATPase activity

Answer 53

When rotation changes the conformation of the F1 portion of ATP synthase

Question 54

Rotation of the F0 portion can reverse if

Answer 54

Low concentrations of H+ are present

Question 55

ATP synthase can work

Answer 55

in reverse

Question 56

Where have seen an ATPase H+ pump?

Answer 56

Lysosome

Question 57

If ATP synthase is working in reverse it must

Answer 57

Hydrolyze ATP to pump H+