Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
Mediastinum
2
Q
What does the pericardial sac secrete and which part?
A
Serous fluid from parietal pericardium
3
Q
If there is less contraction force, what happens to blood pressure?
A
It lowers
4
Q
What is cardiac tamponade?
A
Bleeding into pericardial cavity and a clot forms. To treat clot is scooped out and sealed off
5
Q
Where is myocardium the thickest?
A
Left ventricle
6
Q
What allows for ionic charges in muscle cell?
A
Gap junctions
7
Q
What prevents cardiac muscle from tearing apart?
A
Desmosomes
8
Q
What are characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?
A
Branched, uninucleate, striated, and have intercalated discs with gap junctions
9
Q
What all brings blood to right atrium?
A
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
10
Q
What muscle is on the anterior heart wall?
A
Pectinate muscle
11
Q
What muscle is on posterior heart wall?
A
Smooth muscle
12
Q
If blood goes in opposite direction what is that called?
A
A heart murmur
13
Q
What do chordae tendinae do?
A
Close valves when pressure is on them
14
Q
What muscle is on auricles?
A
Pectinate muscle
15
Q
What produces the sounds heard through a stethoscope?
A
Closing of valves
16
Q
What do septal marginal trabeculae do?
A
Prevent ventricle from overfilling
17
Q
What do moderator bands do?
A
Moderate the amount of stretch in the right ventricle. Allows for greater contraction depolarizing quicker
18
Q
What valve causes the first sound of contraction?
A
Atrioventricular valves
19
Q
What valves cause the second sound of contraction?
A
Semilunar valves closing
20
Q
What are problems with prosthetic heart valves?
A
Thrombosis, infection, structural failure, dehiscence, disproportion
21
Q
What is dehiscence
A
Separation from prosthetic valve suture line from the heart, leading to paravascular leakage
22
Q
Disproption of heart valve is what?
A
Prosthetic valve may not fit well In heart, so blood flow is not optimal
23
Q
Blockage to which artery leads to death?
A
Left anterior descending artery
24
Q
What is the biggest factor in smaller BVs?
A
Resistance
25
Pathway conduction system
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers
26
Function of AV node
Pauses conduction allowing atrium to complete contraction as blood goes ventricles. Causes about 100 msec delay
27
Once impulse reaches purkinje fibers, what happens?
Ventricular contraction begins
28
What is the QRS complex caused by?
Ventricular depolarization
29
What is the T wave caused by?
Ventricular repolarization
30
What is P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization
31
What does Ach do?
Decreases heart rate
32
What connects to SA and AV node for sympathetic activation?
Postganglionic fibers.
33
What do postganglionic fibers secrete?
Epinephrine
34
What does epinephrine do and what is it secreted by?
Increases heart rate, strength of contraction, and cardiac output
35
The middle cerebral artery supplies which sulcus?
Central sulcus
36
If there is a stroke in posterior cerebral artery what may be effected?
Vision
37
If there is a stroke in anterior cerebral artery what may be effected?
Speech
38
What are the 5 special fetal structures of the cardiovascular system?
Ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries
39
Fetal structure of ligamentum arteriosum?
Ductus arteriosus
40
Fetal structure of fossa ovalis
Formen ovale
41
Fetal structure of ligamentum venosum
Ductus venosum
42
Fetal structure of ligamentum teres
Umbilical vein
43
Fetal structure of medial umbilical ligaments?
Umbilical arteries
44
What is ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Hole in membranous or muscular portions of intraventricular septum that produces a left to right shunt, more severe with larger defects
45
What is atrial septal defect? (ASD)
Hole in interatrial septum produces a modest left to right shunt. Blue baby
46
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Ductus arteriosus remains open and left to right shunt develops
47
Tetralogy of fallot
Pulmonic stenosis results in right ventricular hypertrophy and right to left shunt across a VSD which has an overriding aorta
48
Transposition of great vessels
Aorta rises from right ventricle and pulmonic trunk from left ventricle. There is right to left shunting. VSD or ASD with PDA is needed for survival
49
What are the three layers of blood vessels superficial to deep
Adventitia, media, intima
50
Functions of heart
Transport O2, Transport nutrients, transport hormones, transport antibodies, transport waste to kidneys
51
What are capillaries?
Small thin walled vessels that interconnect arteries and veins
52
Where is the pericardial cavity?
In the mediastinum
53
What is fibrous pericardium made of?
Dense irregular CT
54
The serous pericardium includes what?
Visceral and parietal pericardium
55
What does pericardial fluid do?
Found within pericardial cavity, it reduces friction between opposing surfaces
56
What is epicardium made of?
Areolar CT
57
What tissue makes up endocardium?
Simple squamous
58
What do intercalated discs have that make them special?
Desmosomes connecting sarcolemma, fascia adherens which allows cells to pull with max efficiency, gap junctions
59
Why is cardiac muscle called a functional synctium?
Contraction of one cell causes contraction of others
60
Constrictive pericarditis
Elasticity of pericardium may be reduced due to inflammation of pericardium
61
What kind of pericardium are valves?
Endocardium
62
What separates the right and left atria?
Interatrial septum
63
How long is foramen ovale present?
5th week until birth
64
If foramen ovale does not close what happens?
Efficiency of systemic circulation is reduced leading to cardiac enlargement, fluid buildup in lungs, and heart failure
65
What is the span of the moderator band?
From interventricular septum in right ventricle to bases of papillary muscles
66
What are the names for the left atrioventricular valve?
Mitral valve and bicuspid valve
67
Is there a moderator band in left ventricle?
No
68
What prevents aortic semilunar valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta?
Aortic sinuses where right and left coronary arteries originate
69
For their contractions, which ventricle relies on the others pressure?
Right relies on left because of its thinner wall
70
What happens when the right ventricle contracts?
Distance between base and apex decreases and diameter of ventricular chamber decreases
71
What is the extensive connective tissue network that encircle base of pulmonary trunk and valves of the heart?
Fibrous skeleton
72
What are functions of the fibrous skeleton?
Stabilizing positions of muscle cells and valves. Providing physical support for cardiac muscle cells for blood vessels and nerves in myocardium, distribute forces of contraction, reinforcing valves preventing over expansion of heart, helping heart return to original shape after contraction, isolates atrial muscle cells from, ventricle muscle cells for coordination of contraction
73
Branches of which artery supply the sinoatrial node?
Coronary artery
74
Anastomoses
Interconnection between arteries/veins that keeps blood flow constant regardless of pressure fluctuations
75
What is an example of an anastomoses?
In the coronary circuit. Small branches from LAD to posterior interventricular artery
76
Coronary ischemia
Partial or complete blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque
77
Angina pectoris
First symptoms of CAD. Insufficiency in delivery of oxygen when workload increases
78
What cells are responsible for conducting within the heart?
Nodal cells and pacemaker cells
79
What do conducting fibers do?
Distribute contractile stimulus to the general myocardium
80
What are nodal cells responsible for?
Establishing rate of heart contraction
81
Describe pacemaker cells
Usually reach threshold first and determine normal rate of contraction. Found in SA node
82
What is moderator bands role in conduction
Spreads impulse to papillary muscle in right ventricle
83
Where does left bundle branch deliver impulses to?
Left ventricle
84
Where does right bundle branch deliver impulses to?
Right ventricle
85
Where does purkinje fibers deliver impulses to?
Contractile cells of ventricular myocardium
86
What receptors relay information back to cardiac centers?
Baroreceptors (BP) and chemoreceptors(gas).
87
What innervates Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?
Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
88
NE increases HR by binding to which receptors on what cells?
Beta receptors on nodal cells
89
Ach decreases heart rate by binding to which receptors on which cells?
Muscarinic receptors of nodal cells
90
Which layer of blood vessels does vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Media
91
Vasa vasorum
Blood vessels in the walls of large vessels that supply smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and fibrocytes of media and adventitia
92
Elastic arteries
Largest type of artery. Can expand handling large volume of blood. Small density of smooth muscle cells in media
93
What are examples of elastic arteries?
Pulmonary trunk, aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac artery
94
What are the three types of arteries?
Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arteriole
95
Where do muscular arteries transport blood and what are examples?
Skeletal muscle and internal organs. Have a thicker media. External carotid, brachial artery, femoral artery, Mesenteric artery
96
Describe arterioles
Smaller arteries. Poor adventitia. Control blood flow between arteries and capillaries
97
Describe continuous capillaries
Complete epithelial lining connected by tight junctions and desmosomes. Found in most of the body
98
Describe fenestrated capillaries
Windows in endothelial lining. Allow molecules to pass through. Found in kidneys, endocrine organs
99
What are sinusoids?
Flattened and irregular. They follow the internal contours of complex organs. Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen, supra renal glands
100
What are atriovenous anastomoses?
Direct connections between arterioles and Venules. Found where changes in body position could alter blood flow
101
Where are arterial anastomoses found?
Brain, heart, stomach, and other organs needing a lot of blood supply
102
What is capillary autoregulation?
Pre capillary sphincters go through cycles of alternately contracting and blood flow in capillary occurs in pulses. Blood reaches Venules by one route now then another later
103
Cardiac tamponade
If pericardium becomes inflamed or infected, fluid accumulates
104
The CT of the epicardium and interventricular sulci?
Adipose tissue
105
What separates the atria and ventricles?
Coronary sulcus or atrioventricular sulcus
106
When the heart is rotated slightly to the left, what is the anterior surface called?
Sternocostal surface
107
Differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle
Cardiac dependent on aerobic, mitochondria contain myoglobin, T tubules do not form triads, larger circulatory supply, contract without instruction, intercalated discs
