Repro Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What are gametes?
A
Reproductive cells
2
Q
What does fertilization produce?
A
Zygote
3
Q
What are gonads?
A
Reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones
4
Q
What are gubernaculum testis?
A
Cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extend from inferior part of each testis to posterior wall of a small inferior pocket of peritoneum. As development proceeds, testis are held in position
5
Q
What happens in the 7th month of production in males?
A
Hormones cause contraction of gubernaculum testis and changes their relative position. This is descent of testes
6
Q
After descent of testes, BVs, vas deferens, and nerves stay in what?
A
Spermatic cord
7
Q
What are inguinal canals?
A
Narrow canals linking scrotal chambers with peritoneal cavity
8
Q
Perineal raphe length
A
Middle of peritoneum from anus, across scrotum, and along anterior surface of penis
9
Q
What does scrotal cavity separate?
A
Inner surface of scrotum from outer surface of testis
10
Q
What is tunica vaginalis?
A
Serous membrane that lines scrotal cavity covering outside of testis. Reduces friction
11
Q
What does tunica albuginea form?
A
It is directly on testis and forms septa
12
Q
What does the scrotum consist of?
A
Thin layer of skin and superficial fascia
13
Q
Describe dartos muscle
A
Smooth muscle always in tonic contraction underlying scrotum making wrinkled appearance. Assists in elevation
14
Q
Describe cremaster muscle
A
Skeletal muscle that elevates testis.
15
Q
When does contraction of cremaster occur?
A
During sexual arousal and response to changes in temp
16
Q
What nerves supply the scrotum?
A
Hypogastric plexus
17
Q
What three arteries supply the scrotum?
A
Internal pudenal artery (from internal iliac), external pudenal ( femoral a), and cremaster branch of inferior epigastric artery (from external iliac a)
18
Q
What best defines the mediastinum of testes?
A
Septa created by tunica albuginea
19
Q
Septa partition testis into
A
Lobules
20
Q
What are present in lobules?
A
Seminiferous tubules
21
Q
Where does sperm production occur?
A
Seminiferous tubules
22
Q
Go from septa to efferent ductules
A
Septa, lobules, seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules
23
Q
What does the straight tubule enter?
A
Mediastinum of testis
24
Q
What are rete testis formed by?
A
Interconnected straight tubules
25
What connects rete testis to the epididymis?
Efferent ductules
26
What is another name for leydig cells?
Interstitial cells
27
Where are leydig cells?
In loose connective tissue in external spaces between tubules
28
What is the function of leydig cells?
Produce androgens
29
What is spermatogenesis?
Process of producing sperm cells beginning at outermost layer of cells in seminiferous tubules
30
How many spermatids do we get per spermatocyte?
4
31
What is spermatogonia?
Most outer layer cells in seminiferous tubules. Undergo mitosis as stem cells to begin spermatogenesis. These form during embryonic development but are dormant until puberty
32
What is difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis makes individual and mitosis makes multiple pairs
33
Are primary spermatocytes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
34
What does primary spermatocyte go through to produce secondary spermatocyte?
Meiosis I
35
What does secondary spermatocyte go through to produce spermatids?
Meiosis II
36
What is the process of turning spermatids into spermatozoa called?
Spermiogenesis
37
Leydig cells make testosterone in response to which hormone?
Luteinizing hormone
38
What hormones stimulate spermatogenesis?
Testosterone and FSH
39
What are spermatocyte undergoing meiosis called?
Spermatogonia
40
What are spermatids in during Spermiogenesis?
Nurse cells
41
What marks the end of Spermiogenesis?
Detachment of sperm cell from nurse cell into lumen of seminiferous tubules
42
How long does Spermiogenesis take?
9 weeks
43
How does nurse cells maintain blood testis barrier?
Tight junctions. Isolate lumen portion of seminiferous tubules from surrounding interstitial fluid
44
What is the lumen portion of the seminiferous tubules rich in?
Potassium, androgens, estrogens, amino acids
45
What are nurse cells stimulated by?
FSH and testosterone
46
What is inhibin?
Secreted by nurse cells it depresses FSH and GnRH allowing faster amount of sperm production
47
What does androgen binding protein do?
Secreted by nurse cells it elevates androgens in tubules stimulating Spermiogenesis
48
What does the head of a spermatozoa contain?
Acrosomal cap. Which has enzymes involved in fertilization
49
What does the neck of a spermatozoon contain relating to mitosis?
Centrioles of original spermatids
50
What does the middle piece have that contributes to moving the flagella?
Mitochondria
51
Mitochondria are located in what region of the spermatozoon?
Neck
52
What is the primary source of nutrient for spermatozoon?
Fructose
53
What are structure the spermatozoon does not have?
ER, Golgi, lysosomes, perioxsosomes
54
What is the lumen of the epididymis lined with?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
55
What part of the epididymis receives spermatozoa from efferent ducts?
Head
56
What part of the epididymis is involved in sperm storage?
Tail
57
How does epididymis adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium increase surface area for reabsorption and secretion into tubular fluid
58
How long does it take for spermatozoa to pass through epididymis?
2 weeks
59
When spermatozoa reaches epididymis what best describes its maturity?
Physically mature but functionally immature
60
What is capacitation, where does it happen, and what are the steps?
Process by which spermatozoa are mobile and functional within epididymis. The spermatozoa are motile when mixed with section of seminal glands and capable of fertilization when permeability of plasmalemma changes in female reproductive tract
61
What structure acts as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa?
Epididymis
62
What prevents premature capacitation?
Epididymis
63
What kind of contractions propel sperm along vas deferens?
Peristaltic contractions
64
What is the vas deferens lined with?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
65
Can the vas deferens store sperm?
Yes
66
What structures store sperm?
Epididymis and vas deferens
67
What marks start of ejaculatory duct?
Junction of ampulla with base of seminal gland
68
What are the functions of accessory glands?
Activating spermatozoa, nutrients for spermatozoa motility, produce buffers for acidic environment entry
69
What kind of lining does seminal glands have?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
70
What percentage of semen does seminal vesicles contribute?
60%
71
When does seminal glands discharge?
Emission
72
What part of the nervous system contracts glands and vas deferens?
Sympathetic
73
Secretion from which gland leads to flagellum activation?
Seminal gland
74
What kind of glands does prostate gland have?
Compound tubuloalveolar glands
75
What kind of epithelium does prostate gland have?
Simple columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium
76
What percentage of semen does prostate produce
30%
77
What is seminalplasmin?
Secreted by prostate. Believed to be antibiotic preventing urinary tract infection in males
78
What epithelium lines bulbourethral glands?
Simple cuboidal and simple columnar
79
What kind of glands are in bulbourethral glands?
Compound tubuloalveolar glands
80
What do cowpers gland secrete?
Alkaline mucus
81
What is the average amount of ejaculate produced?
2-5mL
82
What secretes smegma?
Preputal glands
83
What best describes the penis in resting state?
Arterial branches are constricted and muscular partitions are tense. Reduces blood flow to erectile tissue
84
What happens when parasympathetic activation gets to penis?
Smooth muscles relax. Blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, vascular channels are engorged in blood and erection occurs
85
What forms the glans of penis?
Corpus spongiosum
86
What are the two steps of semen release?
Ejaculation and emission
87
What muscles insert if side of penis and stiffen it?
Ischiocavernous muscle
88
What muscle helps push semen to external urethral orifice and wraps around base of penis?
Bulboongiosus muscle
89
What is mesovarium?
Thickened fold of broad ligament that supports and stabilizes position of ovary
90
What is mesosalpinx?
Part of broad ligament that attaches to uterine tube
91
What best describes recto uterine pouch?
Pocket formed between posterior wall of uterus and anterior surface of colon
92
What best describes vesicouterine pouch?
Pocket between anterior wall of uterus and posterior wall of urinary bladder
93
What movement does broad ligament limit?
Side to side movement and rotation
94
What are ovaries responsible for?
Secretion of hormones and production of ova
95
What structures stabilize ovary
Mesovarium, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament
96
Where is ovarian ligament span?
Lateral wall of uterus to medial surface of ovary
97
Where is suspensory ligament span?
Lateral surface of ovary to pelvic wall
98
What ligament do ovarian artery and vein travel through?
Suspensory ligament
99
What directly coves ovary?
Visceral peritoneum
100
The visceral peritoneum is made of cuboidal epithelium called
Germinal epithelium
101
What does germinal epithelium overlie?
Tunica albuginea of ovary
102
Where does production of gametes occur in ovary?
Ovarian cortex
103
What is oogenesis?
Production of female gametes. Begins at birth, remains dormant until puberty, and ends at menopause
104
Steps of ovarian cycle starting at oogonia?
Oogonia. Primary oocyte. Primordial follicle. Primary follicle. Secondary follicle. Tertiary follicle. Polar body or secondary oocyte. Secondary oocyte. Ovum if fertilized and nonfunctional polar body
105
What makes up the primordial ovarian follicle?
Primary oocyte and follicle cells
106
What triggers ovarian cycle?
FSH
107
What is Zona pellucida?
Space opens up between oocyte and follicular cells at primary follicle
108
What are granulosa cells?
Follicle cells providing nutrients to oocyte in primary follicle
109
When does thecal cells form?
As follicular cells thicken and multiply in primary follicle
110
What cells work together to secrete estrogen?
Thecal cells and granulosa cells
111
What is the most important estrogen?
Estradiol
112
What best describes secondary follicle?
Follicle wall thickens and follicular fluid is secreted and accumulates. Separating cells of inner and outer layer of follicle
113
When does teritary follicle form?
10-14 days into ovarian cycle
114
Where is the oocyte in the teritary follicle?
Antrum surrounded by granulosa cells
115
Why do we get a polar body and secondary oocyte from tertiary follicle?
Since the cytoplasm of primary oocyte is not evenly distributed
116
If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, what phase does it go through and what does it become?
Metaphase of meiosis II and it becomes an ovum
117
What is corona radiata?
What oocyte and follicular cells are called when they lose connection with follicular wall and drift in Antrum
118
What day does ovulation occur?
Day 14 of 28 day cycle
119
What keeps corona radiata attached to ovary without direct movement?
Follicular fluid
120
What stimulates ovulation?
Rise in LH
121
What does corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone
122
What forms corpus luteum?
Follicular cells invading empty follicle
123
What signals formation of corpus albicans?
Progesterone falls, estrogen falls. Corpus luteum degrades and fibroblasts invade it
124
What ends ovarian cycle?
Disintegration of corpus luteum
125
How long is luteal phase?
14 days. Begins at ovulation, ends at death of corpus luteum
126
Decline in progesterone and estrogen stimulate what hormone release?
GnRH which causes rise in FSH and LH
127
What is atresia?
Degrade of secondary follicles
128
What kind of tissue is found in uterine tube?
Ciliated and nonciliated simple columnar
129
Where do unfertilized oocyte deteriorate?
Uterine tubes
130
How long does it take for oocyte to travel infundibulum to uterine chamber?
3-4 days
131
What is the normal bend of the uterus called?
Anteflexion
132
What is span uterosacral ligament?
Lateral side of uterus to anterior sacrum. Keeping uterus from moving anteriorly and inferiorly
133
Round ligament of uterus
Lateral of uterus to ending in CT of external genitalia. They restrict posterior movement
134
Cardinal ligaments
Extend from base of uterus and vagina to lateral wall of pelvis preventing inferior movement
135
Where does uterine arteries come from?
Internal iliac arteries and ovarian arteries
136
Arteries in myometrium superficial to deep
Uterine artery. Arcuate artery. Radial artery. Straight artery. Spiral artery.
137
What does the spiral artery supply?
Stratum functionalis
138
What does SRY and TDF?
Testes
139
At what week will you see penis on fetus?
12th week
140
What is the sexually indifferent stage in embryo?
5 to 6 weeks
141
What does the mesonephric duct become?
Fallopian tubes and secretes MIF
142
What does the paramesonephric duct become?
Female structures
143
What can the genital tubercle become?
Penis/uterus
144
What can the urogenital fold become?
Labia minora and scrotal raphe
145
What does the labioscrotal fold become?
Labia majora and scrotum
146
At 6 weeks what can you see on embryo?
Genital tubercle,urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold. Tail
147
At 8 weeks what can you see on embryo?
Glans, urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold, phallus
148
Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Will have penis, scrotum, but no testes. No Y chromosome will have ovary no MIF
149
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
No testosterone receptors. Very high levels of testosterone in blood. XY individual. Infertile. Testes inside, female outside
