Osseus Tissue and Skeletal Structure

Question 1

What is considered appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

Bones of limbs and bones of limbs that connect to the trunk

Question 2

Bone is separated from surrounding tissues by what?

Answer 2

Fibrous periosteum

Question 3

When bones surround another tissue what are the inner bony surfaces lined by?

Answer 3

Cellular endosteum

Question 4

What enables bone to resist compression?

Answer 4

Calcium phosphate crystals

Question 5

What do collagen fibers and noncollagenous proteins do for bone?

Answer 5

Provide strength and organic framework for for the formation of mineral crystals

Question 6

What are the cells of mature bone?

Answer 6

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts

Question 7

Osteocytes

Answer 7

Bone cells that maintain and monitor protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix. Calcium release from bone to blood.

Question 8

Lacunae

Answer 8

Filled with osteocytes they are between layers of calcified matrix

Question 9

Lamellae

Answer 9

Matrix layers that surround lacunae

Question 10

Canaliculi

Answer 10

Channels Containing ground substance, interconnect osteocytes situated in adjacent lacunae

Question 11

What junction interconnects processes of osteocytes and Canaliculi ?

Answer 11

Tight junctions

Question 12

Osteoblasts

Answer 12

Secrete osteoid and responsible for the production of new bone. If it gets surrounded by matrix, it becomes an osteocyte

Question 13

Osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 13

Found in inner most periosteum and endosteum lining the medullary cavities, they can differentiate into osteoblasts.

Question 14

Osteoclasts

Answer 14

Found at sites where bone is removed and secrete acid which perform osteolysis.

Question 15

Osteolysis

Answer 15

Erosion of calcium and phosphate into the blood due to an exocytosis of lysosomes

Question 16

What are the two types of osseus tissue?

Answer 16

Compact bone and Spongy bone

Question 17

Osteon

Answer 17

Basic functional unit of compact bone that includes rings of osteocytes around the central canal

Question 18

Central canal

Answer 18

Canal that contains blood vessels that supply the osteon. Haversian canal

Question 19

What is the difference between central canals and perforating canals?

Answer 19

Central canals are parallel to bone surface. Perforating canals are perpendicular to the cell surface

Question 20

Preforating canal

Answer 20

Volkmanns canal. Deliver blood deeper into the bone and service the medullary cavity

Question 21

Concentric Lamellae

Answer 21

Aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone. Resembles a bulls eye target around central canal

Question 22

Interstitial Lamellae

Answer 22

Fill in the spaces between the osteons in compact bone

Question 23

Circumferential Lamellae

Answer 23

Occur at the inner and external surfaces of the bone.

Question 24

What is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

Answer 24

Arrangement of spongy bone into trabeculae

Question 25

Trabeculae

Answer 25

Found in spongy bone. Parallel thick branching plates giving spongy bone strength

Question 26

What does spongy bone do for muscles and skeleton?

Answer 26

Reduces the weight of skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones

Question 27

Periosteum

Answer 27

Covers superficial layer of compact bone

Question 28

Where is a periosteum not complete?

Answer 28

Within a joint

Question 29

Epiphyses

Answer 29

Ends of bone

Question 30

Cortex

Answer 30

Surrounds the medullary cavity

Question 31

Diaphysis

Answer 31

Shaft of bone

Question 32

Metaphysis

Answer 32

Where the diaphysis is connected to the epiphysis

Question 33

Fracture

Answer 33

When a bone breaks from impact to the side

Question 34

Which bone type is more capable of handling stresses from different directions?

Answer 34

Spongy

Question 35

Perforating fibers

Answer 35

Collagen fibers incorporated into bone tissue from tendons and superficial periosteum

Question 36

Endosteum

Answer 36

Lines medullary cavity and contains osteoprogenitor cells, covers trabeculae, lines canals. Most active during growth of bone, repair

Question 37

Ossification

Answer 37

Process of replacing other tissues with bone

Question 38

What are the two major forms of ossification?

Answer 38

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

Question 39

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 39

Bone develops from Mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue. Occurs in formation of bones such as the clavicle, mandible, and flat bones of the face and skull

Question 40

Endochondral ossification

Answer 40

Bone replaces an existing cartilage model. Bones of limbs and those that bear weight develop by this method

Question 41

Epiphyseal closure

Answer 41

Rate of epiphyseal cartilage enlargement slows and osteoblasts activity accelerates. Epiphyseal cartilage gets narrow until it disappears

Question 42

Epiphyseal line

Answer 42

Line that occurs after epiphyseal growth has ended

Question 43

Articular cartilage

Answer 43

Thin cap of exposed cartilage that prevents damaging bone to bone contact

Question 44

What mechanism of growth enlarges the diameter of bone?

Answer 44

Appositional Growth

Question 45

What are the four major blood vessels in a typical long bone?

Answer 45

Nutrient artery and vein, metaphyseal vessels, epiphyseal vessels, and periosteal vessels

Question 46

Metaphyseal vessels

Answer 46

Supply blood to inner surface of epiphyseal cartilage, where bone is replacing cartilage

Question 47

Epiphyseal vessels

Answer 47

Uses foramina to supply osseous tissue and medullary cavities

Question 48

Periosteal vessels

Answer 48

Provide blood to the superficial osteons of the shaft

Question 49

Osteopenia

Answer 49

Inadequate ossification when aging

Question 50

What is considered the axial skeleton?

Answer 50

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs